Differences: Bohr Model
How can you determine the number of electrons of each orbital on the Bohr Model?
You can look at the periodic table and determine it based on the number of elements on that row (e.g., row 1 has 2 elements, therefore a maximum of 2 electrons on the first orbital, 8 e-‘s max for row 2, 8 e-‘s max for row 3, and so on)
How can you determine the number of electrons of each orbital on the QM Model?
All orbitals on the QM model can have a maximum of two electrons because of Pauli’s exclusion principle that states that electrons have to have opposite spins if they occupy the same orbital, making it only possible to have 2 electrons per orbital.
Does Coulombs law still apply for both models?
Yes, the electrons are still being pulled in by the nucleus caused by the force of attraction.
How are interactions between electrons & energy represented in the Bohr model when creating light?
As electrons gain energy, they enter an excited state and jump up from their ground state to a higher energy level/shell. But once they lose and release that energy, they jump back down, and based off their wavelength and how low they jump, they emit different colored lights.
How are interactions between the nucleus and the electrons represented in the Bohr model w/ FoA?
The electrons circle the nucleus in orbitals, staying together because of the force of attraction holding them together.
On the Bohr model, are electrons considered to be particles or waves? Also, do the electrons spin on the Bohr model?
Describes electrons as having particle-like behavior. No, they do not spin.
On the QM model, are electrons considered to be particles or waves? Also, do the electrons spin on the QM model?
They have a wave-particle duality; the model describes them as possessing both particle and wave-like behavior. Yes, the electrons do have spins (opposite if two occupy the same orbital).
Can electrons exist b/w orbitals on either model? *
They both establish that electrons can't exist b/w orbitals. They travel from one orbital or energy level to the next whenever they gain/lose specific or “quantized” amounts of energy but can’t be in between, similar to rungs on a ladder.
How are interactions between electrons & energy represented in the QM Model when creating light?
More complex than the Bohr model. As they gain energy, they first occupy the s-orbital, then p-orbitals and so on. Only after they fill all the orbitals on that original energy level will they move on to the next level and continue that same pattern. The spins switch as necessary.
How are interactions between the nucleus and the electrons represented in the QM model with FoA?
The electrons travel in wave-like patterns in clouds of possibility surrounding the nucleus, with no way of knowing where they must be at a certain time. Even though there are differently shaped orbitals (s,p,d,f) around the nucleus, the electrons inside of them are still being pulled in by the nucleus
What element/s does the Bohr model work for?
It only works for atoms with one electron (hydrogen).
What element/s does the QM model work for?
It works well for explaining the behavior of the atoms (especially e-s) of all elements.
In both models, can electrons be on any energy level they want, or do they have to follow an order and fill certain levels first?
Only when the previous orbitals, shell, and energy level is full, are electrons allowed to begin filling the next level.
How is the interaction b/w electrons and energy shown in the plasma ball experiment?
A light bulb was held to a plasma ball and the only part of the light bulb that lit up was the part between where the handheld it and the part touching the plasma ball. The light bulb lit up because it created a path of less resistance than the surrounding gases and glass. Only the part between where it was handheld and the part touching the plasma ball lit up because the hand created another pass of less resistance, so the electricity went through the person instead of the rest of the light bulb. As the electrons gained that energy coursing through the cord plugged into the wall, they started moving and speeding up more, and relocated to places with less resistance to have more freedom. This connects to the QM Model's idea of never fully knowing the position or velocity of a particle at the same time since electrons are always moving and changing speed. It also connects to the QM Model's idea of treating the electrons' movement as a wave-particle duality, as electrons move through other things, versus the Bohr Model's idea of treating the electrons as only particles that follow a set path.
How is the interaction b/w nucleus and electrons shown in the Salt and Pepper experiment?
In the salt and pepper lab, static electricity was created from the friction when the balloon was rubbed on our heads. Since static electricity is composed of electrons, it negatively charged the balloon's surface so that when we held it over the salt and pepper grains, only the pepper grains stuck while the salt remained on the trey. Since we know opposite charges attract, we determined that the pepper grains had a positive charge that was attracted to the negatively charged balloon, while the salt did not (had either a negative or neutral charge). This electromagnetic force between opposite charges also explains how the atom’s positively charged nucleus draws in the negative electrons around it.
How do electrons move around the Nucleus on the Bohr Model? How certain can you be of an electron’s location?
They follow set and circular paths (shells) around the nucleus. You can always find electrons traveling on these energy shells surrounding the nucleus.
How do electrons move around the nucleus on the QM Model? How certain can you be of an electron’s location?
They don’t follow a set path. Instead, Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle is incorporated, making it impossible to know the exact location and momentum of an electron, only clouds of probability of where they are likely to be.