Physics
What physical quantity is measured in newtons, and what does it represent?
Force — it represents a push or pull that can change motion or shape.
State the equation linking speed, distance, and time.
speed=distance/time
What is the key difference between a vector and a scalar?
A vector has both magnitude and direction, while a scalar has magnitude only.
Why do gases have no fixed shape or volume, while solids do?
Gas particles are far apart and move freely, whereas solid particles are closely packed and vibrate about fixed positions.
This AI model acronym stands for "Generative Pre-trained Transformer."
GPT
Explain the difference between mass and weight.
Mass: amount of matter, constant, measured in kg
Weight: gravitational force on a mass, varies with gravitational field strength, measured in N
Why does hot water cool faster in a metal cup than in a plastic cup?
Metal is a better conductor of heat than plastic, so thermal energy is transferred away from the water more quickly.
A shape is reflected in the y-axis.
Which property of the shape is not changed, and which is changed?
Not changed: size and shape (congruence preserved)
Changed: orientation and x-coordinates of points
Explain why diffusion occurs faster in gases than in liquids.
Gas particles move faster and are farther apart, so they spread out more quickly.
This South American country borders both the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, with its capital at Santiago.
Chile
A wave has frequency 5 Hz and wavelength 2 m. Calculate its speed.
v=fλ=5×2=10 m/s
Describe one similarity and one difference between sound waves and light waves.
Similarity: both are waves that transfer energy
Difference: sound is a mechanical (longitudinal) wave requiring a medium, light is an electromagnetic (transverse) wave that does not
Explain why the probabilities of all outcomes in a complete probability model must add up to 1.
Because the model includes all possible outcomes, and one of them must occur.
Why is an element defined as a substance that cannot be broken down by chemical means?
Because it consists of only one type of atom, and chemical reactions cannot change one type of atom into another.
This hit 2020 video game let you build a home on a deserted island & befriend animal villagers during the pandemic.
Animal Crossing: New Horizons
A 2 kg object moving at 4 m/s comes to rest. Calculate the change in momentum.
Δp=m(v−u)=2(0−4)=−8 kg m/s
Explain, using the kinetic particle model, why gases are compressible but liquids are not.
Gas particles are far apart and can be pushed closer together, while liquid particles are already close together with little empty space.
Two data sets have the same mean but very different ranges.
What does this tell you about how the data values are distributed?
The data sets have the same average, but the one with the larger range is more spread out and shows greater variability.
Explain why ionic compounds usually have high melting points.
They contain strong electrostatic attractions between oppositely charged ions in a giant lattice, which require a large amount of energy to overcome.
This 1776 document begins with the words, "We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal."
the Declaration of Independence
A heater supplies 600 J of energy in 2 minutes. Calculate its power and explain what this value means physically.
Time = 2 minutes = 120 s
This means 5 J of energy is transferred every second.
Explain how electromagnetic induction allows electricity to be generated in a power station.
A rotating coil or magnet in a magnetic field causes a changing magnetic flux, inducing an emf according to Faraday’s law, producing an electric current.
Why does a rotation preserve distances and angles, while a stretch does not?
A rotation is a rigid transformation, which keeps lengths and angles unchanged, whereas a stretch changes distances by a scale factor, so lengths are altered.
Why must a chemical equation be balanced, and what law does this illustrate?
Because atoms are neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction; this illustrates the law of conservation of mass.
This composer's Symphony No. 5 is famous for its four-note opening motif, often described as "fate knocking at the door."
Ludwig van Beethoven