Random
A doctoral student who begins working on his bibliography for his thesis would most likely utilize
A. SPSS
B. ERIC, for primary and secondary resources
C. O*NET
D. a random number table or random number generation computer program
B. ERIC, for primary and secondary resources
An elementary school counselor tells the third-grade teacher that a test revealed that certain children will excel during the school year. In reality, no such test was administered. Moreover, the children were unaware of the experiment. By the end of the year, all of the children who were supposed to excel did excel! This would best be explained via
A. the Hawthorne effect
B. the Halo effect
C. the Rosenthal effect or the experimenter expectancy effect
D. observer bias
C. the Rosenthal effect or the experimenter expectancy effect
There are two distinct types of developmental studies. In a cross-sectional study, clients are assessed at one point in time. In a longitudinal study, however,
A. the researcher has an accomplice pose as a client and act in a certain manner
B. the same people are studied over a period of time
C. the researcher relies on a single observation of a variable being investigated
D. all of the above
B. the same people are studied over a period of time
Standardized tests always have
A. formal procedures for test administration and scoring
B. a mean of 100 and an SD of 15
C. a mean of 100 and a standard error of measurement of 3
D. a reliability coefficient of +.90 or above
A. formal procedures for test administration and scoring
In WWII the Air Force used stanine scores as a measurement. Stanine scores divide the distribution into nine equal intervals with stanine 1 as the lowest ninth and 9 as the highest ninth. In this system 5 is the mean. Thus a Bine IQ score of 101 would fall in stanine
A. 1
B. 9
C. 5
D. 7
C. 5
When a horizontal line is drawn under a frequency distribution is known as
A. mesokurtic
B. the y-axis
C. the ordinate
D. the x-axis
D. the x-axis
Nine of the world's finest counselor educators are given an elementary exam on counseling theory. Needless to say, all of them scored extremely high. The distribution of scores would most likely be
A. a bell-shaped curve
B. positively skewed
C. negatively skewed
D. indicative that more information would be necessary
C. negatively skewed
The simplest form of descriptive research is the ____, which requires a questionnaire return or completion rate of ___ to be accurate.
A. survey; 5%
B. survey; 10-25%
C. survey; 50-75%
D. survey; 95%
C. survey; 50-75%
An IQ score on an IQ test which was 3 SD above the mean would be
A. about average
B. slightly below the norm for adults
C. approximately 110
D. very superior
D. very superior
Billy received an 82 on his college math final. This is Billy's raw score on the test. A raw score simply refers to the number of items correctly answered. A raw score is expressed in the units by which it was originally obtained. The raw score is not altered mathematically. Billy's raw score indicates that
A. he is roughly a B student
B. he answered 82% correctly
C. his percentile rank is 82
D. more information is obviously necessary
D. more information is obviously necessary
Switching the order in which stimuli are presented to a subject in a study is known as
A. the Pygmalion effect
B. counterbalancing
C. ahistoric therapy
D. multiple treatment interference
B. counterbalancing
A panel of investigators discovered that a researcher who completed a major study had unconsciously rated attractive females as better counselors. This is an example of
A. the Hawthorne effect
B. the Halo effect
C. the Rosenthal effect
D. trend analysis
B. the Halo effect
All of the following describe the analysis of covariance technique except:
A. It is a correlation coefficient
B. It controls for sample differences which exist
C. It helps to remove confounding , extraneous variables
D. It statistically eliminates differences in average values influenced by covariates
A. It is a correlation coefficient
Three years ago an inpatient addiction treatment center in a hospital asked their clients if they would like to undergo an archaic form of therapy created by Wilhelm Reich known as "vegotherapy". Approximately half of the clients stated they would like to try the treatment while the other 50% stated that they would stick with the tried-and-true program of the center. Outcome data on their drinking was compiled at the end of 7 weeks. Today-three years later- a statistician compared the two groups based on their drinking behavior at the end of the 7 weeks using a t test. This study could be described as
A. correlation research
B. a true experiment
C. a cohort study
D. casual comparative research
D. casual comparative research
A researcher creates a new motoric test in which clients throw a baseball at a target 40 feet away. Each client is given 100 throws, and the mean on the test is 50. (In other words, out of 100 throws the mean number of times the client will hit the target is 50 times.) Sam took the test and hit the target just two times out of the 100 throws allowed. Jeff, on the other hand, hit the target an amazing 92 times out of 100 trials. Using the concept of statistical regression toward the mean the research would predict that
A. Sam's and Jeff's scores will stay about the same if they take the test again
B. Sam and Jeff will both score over 95 next time
C. Sam's score will increase and Jeff's will go down
D. Sam will beat Jeff if they both are tested again
C. Sam's score will increase and Jeff's will go down
A sociogram is to a counseling group as a scattergram is to
A. the normal curve
B. the range
C. a correlation coefficient
D. the John Henry effect
C. a correlation coefficient
A researcher notes that a group of clients who are not receiving counseling, but are observed in a research study are improving. Her hypothesis is that the attention she has given them has been curative. The best explanation of their improvement would be
A. the Hawthorne effect
B. the Halo effect
C. the Rosenthal effect
D. a Type II error in the research
A. the Hawthorne effect
If an experiment can be replicated by others with almost identical findings, then the experiment is
A. impacted by the observer effect
B. said to be a naturalistic observation
C. the result of ethological observation
D. said to be reliable
D. said to be reliable
Test scores on an exam that fell below 3SD of the mean or above 3SD of the mean could be described as
A. extreme
B. very typical or within the average range
C. close to the mean
D. very low scores
A. extreme
A t-score is different from a z-score. A z-score is the same as the SD. A t-score, however, has a mean of 50 with every 10 points landing at a SD above or below the mean. Thus a t-score of 60 would equal +1SD while a t-score of 40 would be
A. -2 SD
B. -1 SD
C. a z-score of +2
D. a z-score of +1
B. -1 SD
The interval scale has numbers scaled at equal distances but has no absolute zero point. Most tests used in school fall into this category. you can add and subtract using interval scales but cannot multiply or divide. An example of this would be that
A. an IQ of 70 is 70 points below an IQ of 140, yet a counselor could not assert that a client with an IQ of 140 is twice as intelligent as a client with an IQ of 70
B. a 20lb weight is half as heavy as a 40lb weight
C. a first-place runner is 3x as fast as the third-place finisher
D. a baseball player with the number 9 on his uniform can get 9x more hits than player number 1
A. an IQ of 70 is 70 points below an IQ of 140, yet a counselor could not assert that a client with an IQ of 140 is twice as intelligent as a client with an IQ of 70
A. always be a bimodal distribution
B. be positively skewed
C. be negatively skewed
D. produce a curve with a long tail to the left side of the graph
B. be postively skewed
If an ANOVA yields a significant F value, you could rely on ____ to test significant differences between group means.
A. one- and two-tailed t tests
B. percentile rank
C. Ducan's multiple-range, Tukey's, or Scheffe's test
D. summative or formative evaluation
C. Ducan's multiple-range, Tukey's, or Scheffe's test
The WAIS-IV IQ test is given to 100 adults picked randomly. How many of the adults most likely would receive an IQ score between 85 and 115?
A. 7
B. 99
C. 95
D. 68
D. 68
A counselor educator, Dr. Y, is doing research on his classes. he hypothesized that if he reinforces students in his morning class by smiling each time a student asks a relevant question, then more students will ask questions and exam grades will go up. Betty and Linda accidentally overhear Dr. Y discussing the experiment with the department chair. Betty is a real people pleaser and decides that she will ask lots of questions and try to help Dr. Y confirm his hypothesis. Linda, nevertheless, is angry that she is being experimented on and promises Betty that Dr. Y could smile until the cows come in but she still wouldn't ask a question. Both Linda and Betty exemplify
A. interval versus external validity
B. ipsative versus normative interpretation of test scores
C. the use of the nonparametric chi-square test
D. demand characteristics of experiments
D. demand characteristics of experiments