Vocab/Other
Sand Creek Massacre
Battle of the Little Bighorn
Wounded Knee Massacre
1. Brutal killing of 150 Cheyenne men, women, children, and elderly people
2. Battle between the Sioux and U.S. Army, won by the Sioux
3. Killing of roughly 300 Sioux men, women, and children
Chief Joseph
Frederick Jackson Turner
Benjamin "Pap" Singleton
James Oliver
1. Nez Perce leader during their forced move from the Pacific Northwest
2. Historian who believed that American history was based on settling in the West
3. Community builder and former slave who urged African Americans to move West
4. Inventor of a plow that made farming the Plains easier
Comstock Lode
Chisholm Trail
1. Area in Nevada that was rich in silver
2. Important trail for cattle drives; began in San Antionio and ended in Kansas
Instigators for conflict between white settlers and Native Americans
- White settlers push Native Americans out in Westward expansion
- Cultural differences (NA view land as everyone's, settlers want to own)
- Buffalo Destruction (due to hunting, disease, settlers taking grazing land, encouragement of U.S. army)
- Forcible removal of Native Americans by U.S. government
Summarize the Dawes Act
- Broke up NA reservations ("too costly")
- Allowed individual land ownership for NA
- NA left with unsavory leftovers of white settlers
Sitting Bull
George Armstrong Custer
Leader of the Sioux at the Battle of Little Bighorn
American colonel who led the U.S. army at the Battle of Little Bighorn
Placer Mining
Hydraulic Mining
Hard-Rock Mining
1. The finding of precious metals in loose sand or gravel
2. Using water under high pressure to blast away soil and expose the minerals beneath
3. Cutting deep shafts in rock to reach and extract minerals
Exoduster
Dugout
Sod House
Bonanza Farm
1. Name for an African American who migrated to Kansas
2. Shelter dug out of the side of hills
3. House made of turf and soil squares used like bricks
4. Farm operated like a factory
Summarize the Sand Creek Massacre
- 1864
- NA raids, U.S. army offers forgiveness
- Cheyenne surrender
- John Chivington brutally kills NA
Mining Business
- Began with panning (hand method)
- Companies used hydraulic/hard-rock mining methods
- Miner unions form to demand safer work conditions, mining companies resist, and violence ensues
Effect of the Gold Rush on America
- California gold rush encouraged Westward expansion by white settlers
- Klondike gold rush grew Seattle but was treacherous, required a year's worth of supplies, and consisted of many false/exaggerated reports
- Mining camps were lawless, competition among miners created conflict, primarily single men
- Mining towns formed when women and children entered camps, helping to establish newspapers, schools, and churches
Summarize the Wounded Knee Massacre
- Su refuse to surrender to white settlers
- U.S. army kills defenseless women and children
- Marked the end of Plains NA and settler conflicts
Treaties
- Generally, benefitted white settlers over NA
- Often disregarded by white settlers
- Ex: Medicine Lodge Treaty
The Cattle Boom
- Spanish breed Texas Longhorn
- Sheep ranching begins for wool (conflict forms over grazing land)
- Higher beef demand due to population growth
- Cattle drives transport beef to meatpacking centers via trails like the Chisholm
Bureau of the Indian Affairs
Agency that managed Native American Reservations
Key figures + Descriptions
Chief Joseph
Geronimo
1. Leader of the Nez Perce during forced removal by U.S. goverment
- Attempted to relocate to Canada
- Forced surrender + capture in Washington
2. Leader of the Apache during forced relocation to reservations
- Fled and raided Arizona - Mexico settlements
- Captured in Florida (end of resistance)
Summarize the Battle of Little Bighorn
- 1876
- Lakota Su raid settlers, U.S. army threatens action
- General George Custer vs. Chief Sitting Bull (Su emerge victorious)
- Everyone said to have died except for a dog
Ranching Business
- Joseph Glidden invents barb wire and private ranches form
- Business grows
Dawes Act
Homestead Act
Pacific Railway Act
Morrill Act
1. Law breaking up reservations into individual plots of land
2. Law that allowed any head of household over the age of 21 to claim 160 acres of land
3. Law giving land to the railroad companies to help them build railroads and telegraph lines
4. Law giving land to the states in order for them to start agricultural and mechanical arts colleges
List ways Americanization was forced onto NA
- Americanization: changing of Native Americans' traditions + customs
- Forced to speak English
- Had to adopt Christianity
- Required to live like Americans
- Began with children in order to affect future generations
The Ghost Dance
- Promoted NA power/victory
- Viewed as rebellious by white settlers
- Led to Sitting Bull's arrest and death