The Cultural Revolution (1965-68)
The tension between who led to the cultural revolution?
Mao and the Pragmatists.
What is the single party in China today?
The CCP (Chinese Communist Party).
What public spectacles were used as a way to strike fear in African Americans?
Lynchings.
Who did Martin Luther King Jr. study? And what did it teach him?
He studied Gandhi and came to believe that violence would hurt the civil rights movement because it would make sympathetic whites resist change. He said that they would handle the punishments and knew that if they were mistreated. the Soviets would see the images, embarrassing the president and his allies, creating international outcries.
In Little Rock Arkansas, the governor wanted to what?
“Keep the Peace” for what individuals and not disturb them.
After the Great Leap Forward, pragmatists were more concerned with what?
They were more concerned with running the country rather than sticking to ideology (they say Mao is more concerned with ideology).
Today, China’s economy can be described as?
A mixed capitalist-socialist economy.
Segregation is what?
Restrictions on where African Americans can live, go, worship, be educated, etc.
What war aim from WWII did black people find hypocritical?
Wanting to rid the world of Nazis and their racist empire.
King delivers his famous “I have a Dream” speech when and where?
The March on Washington on August 28th, 1963.
What were “Capitalist Roaders”?
A term Mao used to describe people who were headed towards Capitalism (on the road to capitalism).
Today, there is mass what in China? Describe what this means?
Censorship.
The CCP has not liberalized in terms of freedom of speech and filter information.
What was the Period of Reconstruction?
Last about seventeen or eighteen years. It was a period marked by extreme partisan violence but also led to the creation of the 13th an 14th Amendments.
What did the ruling in Brown v. Board of Education do?
In Brown v Board of Education (1954), the Supreme Court recognized that all schools be desegregated as it was not equal. The timeline was vague and it was said "with all do speed" which allowed localities to drag their feet. For some places, it took 20 years. The decision did not end segregation.
Why would Civil Rights Groups host retreats on the weekends?
They would use them to have training for non-violence to promote civil disobedience for the civil rights movement.
They would practice taking hits and not fighting back, so as to not become the aggressor.
What was the chief image of propaganda during this time period in China?
Mao’s Red book.
He had his little red book which had all of his sayings and thoughts. The "little book" was the chief image of propaganda. It was looked at how the Bible is looked at by Christians. The little red book provided "answers to questions".
What was Tianamen Square (1989)?
The government banned protests and this angered college students especially. They decided to take a stand and in June of 1989, they staged a protest against the party wanting more freedom. The movement spread and soon 1 million people were in the square. In response, the government sends in the army to make a stand. About 700 people died and others were arrested and/or beaten by the army.
Communism was collapsing all over the world and the Chinese government said it would not end there, doubling down.
What are the 13th and 14th Amendments?
13th Amendment: Abolished slavery.
14th Amendment: Granted the rights of citizenship to formerly enslaved individuals and it granted citizens the right to vote.
Who mainly made up the group known as the NAACP? What does NAACP stand for?
It was mainly made up of middle class African Americans who donated money. There were middle class white people who supported the organization as well.
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People.
Where did a famous sit-in occur? What happened?
This happened in Greensboro, North Carolina at a lunch counter that refused to serve the black students who arrived so they refused to leave until served. A lot of people went and poured things on the protestors, who could not react. These images go all over the world.
What were the results of the Cultural Revolution?
The death toll was large and people were scared to do their jobs. Around 1.5 million people died in the cultural revolution. Mao eventually backed down and died in 1976.
The people supported him early on but when he came to power, it was a story of institutional failure and a dark time. It took years for the country to stabilize after Mao died.
Who takes over after Mao in 1978? What were some of his famous economic reforms?
Den Xiaoping, he wants to create a new China.
He comes to power and starts announcing reforms (capitalist reforms).
He ended collective farming.
He allowed for small stores and local businesses to open and run for profit. Large scale industry was run by the state but small scale industry was now in private hands. They allowed private citizens to buy stock. Under Deng. the Chinese allow foreign companies to build in their country. American companies eagerly take up this offer due to labor costs and no labor unions. This was a big turning point.
What was a literacy test?
Were used to keep people of color -- and, sometimes, poor whites -- from voting, and they were administered at the discretion of the officials in charge of voter registration.
Why was Rosa Parks chosen to be “the one”?
She had a good reputation and a certain look (looked nice and well dressed). A few months before, Claudette Colvin was kicked off of a bus but she was not helped because she was 15 and pregnant outside of wedlock. Mrs. Parks was picked because of her image and reputation. They were hoping to draw out sympathy.
Who was Bull Connor? What did he do?
Bull Connor was in charge of the Birmingham fire department. He had no problem humiliating and attacking protestors, including attack dogs and fire hoses. A lot of the protestors were arrested and put into overcrowded jail cells, including MLK
These images shocked the world and were spread all over the Soviet Union.