History of Policing
An early form of community policing where citizens patrolled the streets at night.
What is the Night Watch?
The three major components of the U.S. Criminal Justice System.
What are Law Enforcement, Courts, and Corrections?
The typical geographic jurisdiction of a municipal police department.
What are the city limits?
A correctional alternative to incarceration where an offender remains in the community under supervision.
What is Probation?
This agency, part of the Dept. of Justice, is the main investigative arm of the U.S. government, handling everything from counterterrorism to civil rights.
What is the FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation)?
According to Peel, this is the true test of police efficiency.
What is the absence of crime and disorder?
A suspect is put on trial, and a jury determines guilt. This component is at work.
What is the Courts?
This early American official collected taxes, supervised the jail, and maintained order.
Who is the Sheriff?
The conditional release of an offender from prison before their full sentence is served.
What is Parole?
This agency, part of the Dept. of Homeland Security, has a dual mission: protecting the President and investigating financial crimes.
What is the U.S. Secret Service (USSS)?
This early American system, distinct to the South, was created to control the enslaved population.
What are Slave Patrols?
A convicted person serves 5 years in prison. This component is managing them.
What is Corrections?
The head of a municipal police department, who is typically appointed, not elected.
Who is the Chief of Police?
This 19th-century model was known as the "Congregate System," using silent group labor by day.
What is the Auburn Model?
This is the oldest U.S. federal law enforcement agency, responsible for the Witness Protection Program and apprehending fugitives.
What is the U.S. Marshals Service (USMS)?
This is the source of police power, according to Peel.
What is public approval?
The primary function of this component is to investigate crimes and arrest suspects.
What is Law Enforcement?
K-9, SWAT, and School Resource Officers (SROs) are examples of these.
What are specialized units?
The 1960s-1970s saw a major shift in corrections toward this primary goal.
What is Rehabilitation?
This agency is singularly focused on enforcing the nation's federal drug laws.
What is the DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration)?
According to Peel, physical force should only be used as this.
What is a last resort?
This pillar is the "bridge" between an arrest and a sentence.
What are the Courts?
State police agencies often act as a "bridge" between these two other levels of law enforcement.
What are local and federal?
A major criticism of the Philadelphia Model was that its extended isolation caused this.
What is mental illness?
U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) and Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) are part of this department, created after 9/11.
What is the Department of Homeland Security (DHS)?