1491
The study of human change and continuity over the course of time.
What is history?
What is Spain (Kingdom of Aragon and Castile in 1492)?
A collection of clans who shared kinship and were governed by a Tribal Council.
What is a tribe or nation?
A schism within the Roman Catholic Church between protesting clergy and the traditional papacy based in Rome.
What is the "Protestant Reformation"?
An 800 year war waged between Christians and Muslims for control of the Iberian Peninsula.
What was the “Reconquista,” or “Reconquest”?
The exchange of plants, animals, and diseases between Europe, Africa, and the Americas, that changed lives and landscapes on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.
What was the “Columbian Exchange”?
A disease epidemic in which the populations at risk have had no previous contact with the diseases that strike them and are therefore immunologically almost defenseless.
What is a Virgin Soil Epidemic
English Protestants who sought to reform the Church of England by disassociating it from the “corruption” and hierarchy of the Catholic Church.
Who were the Puritans?
A mound-building culture that flourished between 700 CE and 1700 CE in the North American southeast.
Who were the Mississippian Peoples?
The Spanish right for a Conquistador to demand tribute and forced labor from the Indian inhabitants of an area.
What is an Encomienda?
The action of appropriating a place or domain for one’s own use. In the context of American history, the European action of settling among and establishing control over an indigenous people.
What is "Colonization?"
Puritans sought to reform England and the Anglican Church while Separatists sought to withdraw entirely from England's corruption.
What was the difference between a “Separatist” and a “Puritan”?
This explorer's error included the assertion that the earth’s circumference was 3,350 nautical miles, or less than a third of the actual circumference!
Explain Columbus mistake.
European competition for property and wealth, their desire to crusade and proselytize for their Christian faith, and their determination to discover new routes of trade.
What drove Europeans to exploration in the 1400s? Give three explanations.
These threats to the Powhatan Empire included Iroquoian invaders from the north and south and Siouan speakers from the west. To the east, Europeans arrived with new technologies and alliances.
What were the threats facing Powhatan and his people at the time of the arrival of the English in the Chesapeake?
English herds fed and clothed the colonists, livestock required less labor than planting crops, and Puritans associated large herds with status and prosperity.
what are three reasons that New England colonists valued their herds of domestic animals?
This 1494 treaty between Spain and Portugal effectively divided the world in half according to the order of the Catholic Church.
What is the Treaty of Tordesillas?
The action of attacking or assertively rejecting cherished beliefs and institutions or established values and practices.
What is iconoclasm?
Livestock destroyed Native American crops, challenged Indian beliefs about the spirits of animals, and led to direct conflict over political authority between Indians and Englishmen.
How did English livestock threaten traditional American Indian life in New England?
The motivations for colonization included Population Pressure; Protestant and Catholic Rivalry for the souls of the world; and a desire to profit from commodities in the New World (based upon the success of the Spanish and Portuguese).
What were three motivations for the English to settle the Americas?