Reconstruction
What was the 10% plan, and whose plan was it?
Pardoned all Confederate officers who took an oath of allegiance, and allowed states to hold a constitutional convention after 10% of voters swore allegiance.
Abraham Lincoln
What was the Bessemer Process during the late 1800s?
It made steel production faster and cheaper
What were the working conditions like at the turn of the 20th century?
Long hours, low pay, unsafe working conditions, etc.
Name one push factor that caused Europeans to immigrate to the United States
Poverty, famine, religious persecution, etc.
What did the 1890 Census Bureau declare about the American frontier?
It was closed, marking the end of westward expansion
What is the 14th Amendment?
States that if you are born in the U.S., you have the rights of a U.S. Citizen (and were a citizen).
What impact did Thomas Edison's invention of the electric light bulb have on American society?
It extended working hours and improved daily life with safer lighting
Why did many children work in factories and mines during the 1800s?
Their families needed additional income
Which areas of Europe did many of the "New Immigrants" come from?
Southern and Eastern Europe
What was a major challenge faced by urban slum residents in the late 19th century?
Fire hazards, disease, poor sanitation, overcrowding, etc.
What is the difference between a carpetbagger and a scalawag?
Carpetbagger: Northern Republican who moved south
Scalawag: Southern Republican
How did John D. Rockefeller expand his business and gain control of the oil industry (vertical or horizontal integration)?
Through horizontal integration, buying out his competitors to create a monopoly
What was one primary goal of early labor unions in the United States?
To secure better wages, working conditions, shorter hours, etc.
What happened at Ellis Island? What was the process like?
Omit and process immigrants into NY...medical exam and data intake.
What was the significance of The Jungle by Upton Sinclair?
It exposed unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry, leading to reforms like the Pure Food and Drug Act
What was the Homestead Act of 1862? Who were the Exodusters?
160 Acres to anyone willing to settle in the West for 5 years.
African American homesteaders.
What are vertical integration and horizontal integration?
Vertical = mine to market
Horizontal = buying all similar businesses
How did the government respond to strikes by the labor unions?
The government often sided with businesses, sending troops to end strikes
What was the Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882?
To limit Chinese immigration
How did political machines gain and maintain power in cities?
By offering services to immigrants in exchange for votes
What was the Compromise of 1877?
Resolved the dispute of the 1876 election between Democratic candidate Samuel Tilden and Republican candidate Rutherford B. Hayes. Hayes enters the office and will withdraw federal troops (ending reconstruction)
How did industrialization contribute to urbanization in the late 19th century?
Factories in cities created jobs, drawing people from rural areas and immigrants to urban centers.
What was the first law attempting to break up bad trusts?
Sherman Antitrust Act
Compare the immigrant experiences at Ellis Island versus Angel Island
Ellis island processed mainly European immigrants quickly, while Angel Island detained many Asian immigrants under harsh conditions
What actions did Progressive reformers take to address urban poverty?
They established settlement houses, improved public health, pushed for housing reforms, etc.