Jews
This group began arriving in New Mexico in the 1840s from Europe to escape persecution and start businesses
Jewish immigrants (arrived in the 1840s).
This trade route began in Independence, Missouri, and ended in Santa Fe, providing prosperity for merchants
The Santa Fe Trail
The forced 1860s removal of the Navajo is commonly known by this two-word name.
The Long Walk (or Navajo Long Walk).
The belief that the U.S. had a God-given right to control land from the Atlantic to the Pacific was called this.
Manifest Destiny.
The 1848 treaty that ended the Mexican–American War and ceded large territories from Mexico to the U.S. is called this.
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo.
People who accepted Catholicism after Jewish faith was outlawed in Spain (often still practicing Judaism in secret) were called this.
Conversos.
The 2,800-mile mail and passenger route opened in 1858 and connected Missouri to San Francisco.
The Butterfield Overland Trail
The Navajo homelands are traditionally marked by these four important geographical features.
Four sacred mountains.
On May 11, 1846 President Polk told Congress that American soldiers had been killed by an invading army and asked to approve this conflict.
The Mexican–American War.
Under the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, the U.S. paid Mexico this amount of money for ceded lands.
$15 million.
Name two kinds of businesses early Jewish settlers commonly opened in towns like Las Vegas and Santa Fe.
General stores and banks (also acceptable: mercantile shops, trade businesses).
This road, named after a lieutenant colonel who led the Mormon Battalion, was one of the first routes linking New Mexico to California.
Cooke’s Wagon Road (after Lt. Col. Philip St. George Cooke).
Name the U.S. military leader who ordered Kit Carson to carry out a scorched-earth campaign against the Navajo.
Major General James H. Carleton (who ordered Kit Carson).
The U.S.–Mexico conflict that lasted from 1846 to 1848 is known by this name.
The Mexican-American War
The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo made people living in the Mexican Cession this status under U.S. law.
U.S. citizens (the treaty extended U.S. citizenship and protections to many residents).
Historians think some hidden Jews arrived with Don Juan de Oñate in this year when New Mexico was colonized.
1598.
The final southern boundary purchase negotiated by James Gadsden in 1853 allowed completion of which transcontinental transport project in 1881?
The Southern Pacific Railroad (completion of the southern transcontinental railroad).
Where were thousands of Navajo forced to march and live under armed guard after surrendering?
Bosque Redondo Reservation (an internment camp).
Name one cause of the Mexican–American War besides border skirmishes (short answer).
Possible answers: U.S. desire for land (westward expansion), annexation of Texas, disputes over the Texas–Mexico border, economic interests, or the ideology of Manifest Destiny.
The Mexican Cession transferred roughly what fraction of Mexico’s land to the United States? Answer using the fraction or percentage given in the text.
About one-third of Mexico’s land; the text notes 55% — use the classroom source (text states over 1/3 and 55%).
Modern researchers sometimes use this scientific method to uncover Jewish ancestry among New Mexican families.
DNA testing / genetic testing.
The 1853 land purchase cost $10 million for 29 million acres. Rounded to the nearest dollar per acre, how much did the U.S. pay per acre? (Show work.)
$10,000,000 ÷ 29,000,000 acres ≈ $0.3448 per acre → rounded to nearest dollar = $0 per acre OR if using the provided text calculation $2.90 per acre (text states $2.90/acre).
Explain one short-term effect and one long-term effect of the Navajo Long Walk on Navajo society.
Sample short-term effect: Many Navajo suffered loss of life, homes, and livestock; starvation and disease. Sample long-term effect: Continued resistance and eventual return to homelands with lasting cultural trauma; legal and political efforts to regain land and sovereignty.
Explain how Manifest Destiny influenced American actions during western expansion
Sample: Manifest Destiny justified expansion by framing it as a divine right and national mission, which encouraged settlers, politicians, and the military to acquire territory across North America. This belief influenced policies like the annexation of Texas and willingness to go to war with Mexico.
Describe two consequences (one political or territorial and one social or legal) of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo for people living in the newly acquired lands.
Political/territorial consequence — The U.S. gained vast territories (Mexican Cession) expanding national borders to the Pacific. Social/legal consequence — Residents became subject to U.S. law and many were granted citizenship, but faced discrimination, land disputes, and legal challenges to property rights.