MCAT
Cell membranes are composed of what type of bilayer
phospholipid bilayer
A 32-year-old male presents to the emergency department with sudden, severe flank pain that radiates to the groin. He is restless, unable to find a comfortable position, and reports nausea. On urinalysis, there is gross hematuria but no signs of infection (normal white blood cell count, no nitrites). The pain comes in waves and the patient describes it as the “worst pain of his life.”
What is nephrolithiasis (kidney stone)?
This drug, also known as adrenaline, is the first-line treatment for anaphylaxis.
What is epinephrine?
This prefix refers to something slow
brady-
This is the largest organ in the human body.
Answer: What is the skin?
A solution has a pH of 3. How many times more acidic is it compared to a solution with a pH of 6?
What is 1,000 times more acidic? (10³ difference)
A 54-year-old woman comes to the clinic with a 3-day history of fever, productive cough, and shortness of breath. She reports chest pain that worsens with deep breaths and yellow-green sputum. On exam, she has a temperature of 102°F, a respiratory rate of 24/min, and decreased breath sounds in the right lower lobe with crackles and dullness to percussion. A chest X-ray reveals a consolidation in the right lung.
What is pneumonia?
Ozempic, a medication used to treat type 2 diabetes, is a synthetic analog of this incretin hormone that increases insulin secretion.
What is GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide-1)
The suffix -itis refers to this condition of tissue.
What is inflammation?
Three types of muscle tissues:
What are Cardiac, Smooth, Skeletal
In Mendelian genetics, if two heterozygous individuals are crossed, what is the probability that their offspring will be homozygous recessive?
What is 25%?
A 21-year-old male presents to the emergency department with abdominal pain that began near his umbilicus but later localized to the right lower quadrant. He reports loss of appetite, nausea, and low-grade fever. On physical exam, there is tenderness at McBurney’s point and pain when the examiner applies pressure to the left lower quadrant and quickly releases (positive Rovsing’s sign).
What is appendicitis?
This inhaled medication is a short-acting β₂ agonist used for rapid relief of asthma symptoms.
What is albuterol?
The root word hepat- refers to this organ.
Liver
This hormone, released by the posterior pituitary, increases water reabsorption in the kidneys and helps maintain blood pressure.
What is antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Ammonia (NH₃) reacts with water to form ammonium (NH₄⁺) and hydroxide (OH⁻). In this reaction, identify the Brønsted–Lowry acid and base.
What is H₂O is the acid and NH₃ is the base?
A 29-year-old male is brought to the ER after completing an intense CrossFit workout. He complains of severe muscle pain and weakness, especially in his thighs and shoulders. His urine is noted to be dark brown (“cola-colored”). Labs reveal elevated creatine kinase (CK) levels, hyperkalemia, and myoglobinuria.
What is rhabdomyolysis?
This class of drugs, which includes verapamil and diltiazem, works by blocking ____ channels in cardiac and smooth muscle, reducing heart rate and blood pressure.
What are calcium channel blockers?
The word tachypnea means....
Rapid Breathing
Explain why 3rd Degree burns are painless
through the entire epidermis and dermis, sometimes into subcutaneous tissue → nerve endings are destroyed
In glycolysis, one molecule of glucose is converted to two molecules of pyruvate. How many net ATP molecules are produced per glucose molecule?
What is 2 ATP?
A 42-year-old man is found unconscious in his garage with the car engine running. Pt's family stated he was working on his car from 8:00 am until he was found at 12:00 pm. When brought to the ER, he is confused and complains of headache, dizziness, and nausea upon regaining consciousness. His skin appears cherry-red, but his pulse oximetry reads 100% oxygen saturation. Arterial blood gas shows normal PaO₂, but co-oximetry reveals elevated carboxyhemoglobin levels.
What is carbon monoxide poisoning?
Goody’s Powder contains acetaminophen, aspirin, and caffeine. Chronic or excessive use of this product can increase the risk of two major health issues, one related to the liver and one related to the gastrointestinal tract.
What are liver toxicity (from acetaminophen) and gastrointestinal bleeding/ulcers (from aspirin)?
The term "pancytopenia" contains a prefix, root, and suffix. Break down each part and state what the word as a whole means.
What is pan- (all), -cyto- (cell), -penia (deficiency); a deficiency of all blood cell types (red cells, white cells, and platelets)?
This cranial nerve is responsible for facial expressions, taste from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue, and some salivary gland function.
What is Cranial nerve VII