THEORY
What specific term does David Harvey use to describe capitalism’s unrelenting needs for evermore accumulation?
Spatial fix
When was the Northern loop of the Ring Road completed?
2009
Why are hospitals often placed outside elite suburban housing?
To preserve property valuations and/or outsource the social burden.
How does land deviate from other commodities (must list two)?
Illiquid, fixed, and monopoly priviledges.
What does 'accumulation by dispossession' mean in the context of the Ring Road?
Displacing local inhabitants of low-income groups to enable land use for capital accumulation
How do remittances stimulate the financialisation of urban land in Pakistan?
Excess savings in the form of foreign capital are ploughed into real estate, thereby inflating values and driving speculation
What is the ‘secondary circuit’ of capital? Subtantiate with an example.
Investments in non-productive sectors to absorb surplus capital.
Explain whether or not the Ring Road project reflects a neoliberal model of urban governance.
State expenditure enriches private developers under the guise of collective welfare; privatised gains, collectivised costs.
Identify the three best-performing asset classes as determined by Trimzi.
Stocks, gold, and real estate.
Define the use and exchange value of land.
The use value of residential land entails its consumption for housing. Exchange value makes land a means of exchange for consumption or accumulation.
What impact did LRR construction have on land prices in its vicinity (specify the society, plot, and cost)?
Refer to the tables.
How exactly does public infrastructure, akin to the LRR, create value for private capital in real estate?
Better infrastructure engenders a transformation of the land’s marginal productivity from low-value agriculture to higher-value urban land.