Sub-disciplines
The study of humankind, in its broadest terms.
Anthropology
E.B. Tylor
Emic perspective
Name the discredited theory popular in the 19th century in anthropology that suggested societies evolved from stages from simple to advanced.
Cultural evolutionism
The tendency to view one's own culture as most important and correct and as the stick by which to measure all other cultures.
Ethnocentrism
The cultural study of living peoples.
Cultural anthropology
He is considered the "father" of American anthropology.
Franz Boas
What is the "outsider's perspective" known as?
Etic perspective
What term refers to 19th century anthropologists based on where they did the majority of their work?
"Armchair" anthropologists
The idea that we should seek to understand another person's beliefs and behaviors from the perspective of their own culture and not our own; i.e., cultures should not be compared to one another, but rather understood on their own terms.
Cultural relativism
The study of language and its cultural context, including how language is used to create and maintain social relations.
Linguistic anthropology
The most-cited social scientist of the twentieth century, known for his theories on power.
Michel Foucault
The process of learning the characteristics and expectations of a culture or group, such that those characteristics and expectations seem "normal" to members.
Enculturation
What is an anthropologist that compares human cultures known as?
An ethnologist.
The process of critical self-reflection on one's biases, theoretical predispositions, preferences, and so forth.
The study of past humans and cultures through materials remains, involving excavation, analysis, and interpretation of artifacts, soils, and cultural processes.
Archaeology
His "cultural evolution" model adapted John Lubbock's 3-stage system and has been discredited by contemporary anthropologists.
Lewis Henry Morgan
"Culture, or civilization, is that ____________ which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, customs, and any other capabilities and habits..."
Complex whole
What are the three problematic assumptions associated with 19th century cultural evolutionism?
1. Assumes universal states with similar developments
2. Assumes that entire societies represent earlier vestiges of human cultural development
3. Assumes a Eurocentric perspective
The belief that moral values, beliefs, and ideas are culturally specific and cannot be judged by anyone who is not a member of that culture
Moral relativism
The study of human evolution, biological variation, and adaptability to environmental conditions.
Biological anthropology
Paul Farmer
"...capabilities and habits _______ by [people] as a member of society."
Acquired
Why is it incorrect to argue that cultures "evolve?"
This is a misapplication of Darwinian principles of evolution, i.e., cultures are not biological organisms subject to natural selection.
The ability to induce behavior in others by means of charisma, coercion, or the use or threat of physical violence
Power