Tissues
What is unique about pseudostratified epithelium?
All cells touch the basal surface but not the apical. The nuclei are not in a straight line.
What is the largest layer of the skin?
Dermis
What does a sebaceous gland secrete?
Sebum aka oil, (w/ hair follicles)
Explain Marfan Syndrome
autosomal dominant, long limbs, defect in fillibrin production, does not recoil. Aorta will stretch out/weaken
List the three parts of a long bone and where they are located
Epiphysis- ends
Metaphysis- Epiphyseal growth plate
Diaphysis- shaft
What is the difference between microvilli and cilia?
Cilia is longer (like hair), microvilli forms a brush border.
Where does Malignant Melanoma originate?
The melatocytes
What are the two types of sweat glands and when do they form?
Merocrine/Eccrine-
Apocrine- Puberty
Explain Jaundice
Excess bilirubin in the blood due to liver dysfunction, causes yellowing of the skin and sclera (whites of the eyes).
Explain the differences between spongy and compact bone
Spongy- trabeculae, nutrients from red bone marrow, epiphysis, less dense
Compact- Osteons, nutrients from the central canal, Diaphysis, dense
List the three types of loose connective tissue and one place each could be found
Areolar- papillary region of the dermis, around muscle fibers and blood vessels
Adipose- Hypodermis, protects organs
Reticular- Spleen, lymph nodes
What is a Dendritic (langerhan) Cell?
It is involve in immune response, a macrophage acting against pathogens. They are in the Stratum Spinosum.
What are the two types of modified sweat glands and what do they produce?
Mammary- lacation
Ceruminous- cerumen (ear wax)
Explain Alopecia
Autoimmune, attacks hair follicles, causing thinning of hair or baldness
State the functions of Osteoblasts, Osteoclasts, and Osteocytes
Osteoblasts- bone building cells
Osteocytes- mature bone cells, maintain bone
Osteoclasts- break down bone (resorption)
List the 3 types of dense connective tissues and one place they could be found
Irregular- Reticular region of dermis, capsules around organs
Regular- tendons and ligaments
Elastic- Wall of the aorta, trachea, lungs
List the types of burns, what parts of the skin are impacted and if a skin graft is needed.
1st degree- epidermis only
2nd degree- epidermis and part of dermis
3rd degree- all of the epidermis and dermis (and possibly other structures below), a skin graft is required
List the three types of hair and where they are found
Lanugo- on a baby in the womb, unpigmented, downy hair
Vellus- fine, pale, replaces lanugo
Terminal- coarser and more pigmented
Explain Osteogenisis Imperfecta
A genetic defect in collagen, autosomal dominant, bones break easily and poor muscle tone. "Brittle Bone Disease"
Explain Intramembranous and Endochondral Ossification
Intramembrnaous Ossificaiton- Flat bones (skull), bone forms inside frobrous tissue (which later turns into periosteum), first spongy bone is formed, then, compact, making the diploe (compact, spongy, compact). Fontanelle (where bones are not formed)
Endochondral ossification- all other bones (including long bones), hyaline cartilage model, primary ossification center, vascularized, marrow cavity (starts), secondary ossificaiton center, epiphesyal growth plate (ossifies after adult stature is reached.
List the types of cartilage and their locations
Fibrocartilage- Intervertrebral discs, pubic symphysis, menisci
Hyaline- trachea, ephyseal growth plate, nose, articulating cartilages
Elastic- external ear and epiglottis
Explain cyanosis, erythema, and pallor
Cyanosis- blueness of the skin due to lack of oxygen
Pallor- pale skin, due to lack of blood flow i nthe skin. You can see the white collagen below.
Erythema- redness/pinkness of the skin due to dilated blood vessles near the skin
List the three parts of the hair cycle and explain what happens in each
Anagen- (6-8yrs) the growing phase
Catagen- (2-3 wks) degenerative phase, hair stops growing
Telogen- (1-3 mo) the resting phase
Club hair falls out during telogen or next anagen
Explain the difference between Scoliosis, Kyphosis, and Lordosis
Scoliosis- curvature of the spine (1 side of your vertebrae grows faster than the other, making it uneven)
Kyphosis- hunchback, could be caused by osteoporosis, due to the weight of the head, irreversible
Lordosis- Sway-back, common in pregnant women and gymnasts (they work their backs a lot)
Explain Hypocalcemia and Hypercalcemia and the process to return to equilibrium
Hypocalcemia- blood calcium is too low, (muscles do not relax, spasms), Parathyroid hormone, resortion, stimulate osteoclasts, inhibit osteoblasts
Hypercalcemia- Blood calcium is too high, (rare), Calcitonin, deposition, stimulates osteoblasts, inhibits osteoclasts.