Anatomical Terms
What is the standard anatomical position?
Standing upright, facing forward, feet together, arms at the sides, and palms facing forward.
Name the three main planes of movement.
Sagittal, Frontal, and Transverse planes.
What joint action decreases the angle between two bones?
Flexion
What is motivation?
The internal and external factors that direct and energize behaviour toward achieving a goal.
What type of motivation is linked to rewards like medals or money?
Extrinsic motivation
Which term describes a body part closer to the midline?
Medial
Which plane divides the body into left and right halves?
Sagittal plane
What is the opposite of flexion?
Extension
What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation?
Intrinsic comes from internal enjoyment or satisfaction; extrinsic comes from external rewards like trophies or money.
How can a coach use goal setting to improve motivation?
By setting SMART goals (Specific, Measurable, Achievable, Relevant, Time-bound) to give direction and purpose.
What is the opposite of "posterior"?
Anterior
Around which axis does abduction and adduction occur?
Sagittal axis
What movement occurs when the palm rotates upward?
Supination
Give one example of intrinsic motivation in sport.
Playing football for fun or self-improvement rather than for rewards.
Explain how positive feedback can enhance intrinsic motivation.
It increases perceived competence, making athletes feel capable and self-driven.
What term refers to something farther from the point of attachment?
Distal
A cartwheel occurs through which plane and around which axis?
Frontal plane and sagittal axis
Explain plantarflexion and dorsiflexion with examples.
Plantarflexion: pointing toes (e.g., pushing off in sprinting). Dorsiflexion: toes toward shin (e.g., landing from a jump).
According to the Self-Determination Theory, what are the three basic psychological needs?
Autonomy, competence, and relatedness
Describe how a coach can shift an athlete from extrinsic to intrinsic motivation.
By focusing on enjoyment, mastery, and autonomy rather than just rewards or punishment.
Explain the difference between ipsilateral and contralateral positions.
Ipsilateral means on the same side of the body; contralateral means on the opposite side.
Explain how a gymnastics routine demonstrates movement through all three planes.
Example: somersault (sagittal plane), cartwheel (frontal plane), spin (transverse plane)
Describe circumduction and name a joint capable of this movement.
Circular movement combining flexion, extension, abduction, adduction — occurs at ball-and-socket joints like the shoulder or hip.
Explain how amotivation differs from low motivation, and give an example.
Amotivation is a total lack of intention or reason to act (e.g., athlete stops training because they see no point); low motivation means reduced drive but still some effort.
Analyze how motivation theories can be applied to increase performance in team sports.
Coaches can apply Self-Determination Theory to meet players’ needs for competence, autonomy, and relatedness — fostering stronger engagement, teamwork, and performance.