What are THREE characteristics of the location of the heart?
1.In the mediastinum between second rib and fifth intercostal space.
2.On the superior surface of diaphragm.
3.Two-thirds to the left of the midsternal line.
4.Anterior to the vertebral column, posterior to the sternum.
100
What are the different types of arteries and veins?
Arteries:
Right and left coronary (in atrioventricular groove), marginal, circumflex, and anterior interventricular arteries
Veins :
Small cardiac, anterior cardiac, and great cardiac veins
100
Describe what blood vessels are. And the duties of the arteries, capillaries, and veins.
Blood Vessels: Delivery system of dynamic structures that begins and ends at the heart
Arteries: carry blood away from the heart; oxygenated except for pulmonary circulation and umbilical vessels of a fetus
Capillaries: contact tissue cells and directly serve cellular needs
Veins: carry blood toward the heart
100
Name and describe the main circulatory pathways.
Pulmonary circulation: short loop that runs from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart
Systemic circulation: long loop to all parts of the body and back to the heart
100
What is the Largest lymphoid organ and what are its functions?
The Spleen.
Functions:
Site of lymphocyte proliferation and immune surveillance and response.
Cleanses the blood of aged cells and platelets and debris.
200
What is the purpose of the pedicardium?
Protects, anchors, and prevents overfilling
200
What is a Myocardial infarction
Heart Attack where Prolonged coronary blockage occurs.
200
What are the 3 parts to the Blood Vessel's Wall. Describe them.
Tunica intima:
Endothelium lines the lumen of all vessels.
Tunica media:
Smooth muscle and sheets of elastin.
Sympathetic vasomotor nerve fibers control vasoconstriction and vasodilation of vessels.
Tunica externa (tunica adventitia):
Collagen fibers protect and reinforce.
Larger vessels contain vasa vasorum to nourish the external layer.
200
name the three parts of the lymphatic system.
A network of lymphatic vessels (lymphatics)
Lymph
Lymph nodes
200
What is the simplest lymphoid organ and where does it form?
the tonsils.
Forms a ring of lymphatic tissue around the pharynx
300
List and describe the layers of the heart.
1. Epicardium—visceral layer of the serous pericardium
2. Myocardium-- Spiral bundles of cardiac muscle cells, Anchors cardiac muscle fibers,Supports great vessels and valves, Limits spread of action potentials to specific paths.
3.Endocardium is continuous with endothelial lining of blood vessels
300
Name two main heart valves and their purpose.
1.Atrioventricular (AV) valves:
Prevent backflow into the atria when ventricles contract
2.Semilunar (SL) valves:
Prevent backflow into the ventricles when ventricles relax
300
What are three structural types of Capillaries and describe their functions.
Continuous Capillaries:
Tight junctions connect endothelial cells.
Intercellular clefts allow the passage of fluids and small solutes.
Fenestrated Capillaries:
Function in absorption or filtrate formation (small intestines, endocrine glands, and kidneys)
Sinusoidal Capillaries:
Allow large molecules and blood cells to pass between the blood and surrounding tissues
300
What are the functions of the lymphatic system?
Returns interstitial fluid and leaked plasma proteins back to the blood.
Together with lymphoid organs and tissues, provide the structural basis of the immune system.
300
What is MALT and its functions?
Mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue.
Protects the digestive and respiratory systems from foreign matter
400
How many Chambers are there? List the different classes and briefly describe them.
Four chambers: two atria and two ventricles.
ATRIA: Walls are ridged by pectinate muscles
VENTRICLE: Walls are ridged by trabeculae carneae,
Papillary muscles project into the ventricular cavities
400
what is the junctions between cells anchor cardiac cells?
Intercalated discs
400
Name the two types of vessels within the Capillary Beds. Discuss their roles.
Vascular shunt:
Directly connects the terminal arteriole and a postcapillary venule
True capillaries:
10 to 100 exchange vessels per capillary bed.
Branch off the metarteriole or terminal arteriole.
400
What is lymph propelled by?
(Name two causes)
Pulsations of nearby arteries.
Contractions of smooth muscle in the walls of the lymphatics.
400
What characteristics do lymphatic capillaries have that blood capillaries do not?
1. Very permeable (take up cell debris, pathogens, and cancer cells)
2. Endothelial cells overlap to form one-way minivalves, and are anchored by collagen filaments, preventing collapse of capillaries
500
what are the different pathways (Pumps) of the heart. Describe what they are used for and where to blood is carried to.
-The heart is two side-by-side pumps
-Right side is the pump for the pulmonary circuit
-Vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs
-Left side is the pump for the systemic circuit
-Vessels that carry the blood to and from all body tissues
500
What does the Vagus nerve and Sympathetic cardiac nerves do?
Vagus nerve: decreases the heart rate
Sympathetic nerve: increases the heart rate and force of contraction.
Name the location of lymph nodes and the functions.
Embedded in connective tissue, in clusters along lymphatic vessels. OR the histologically distinct regions are the cortex and the medulla.
Functions:
Filter lymph—macrophages destroy microorganisms and debris.
Immune system—lymphocytes are activated and mount an attack against antigens.
500
What do lymph vessels include? (3 items)
Lymphatic capillaries
Lymphatic collecting vessels
Lymphatic trunks and ducts