Tissues
List three functions of epithelial tissue
Protection, sensation, secretion, control permeability, simple diffusion, absorption (transcellular transport), surface parallel transport
Sensory input is ____ while motor output is _____.
Afferent and efferent
True or false? The spinal cord runs the whole length of the vertebral column
The spinal cord is actually a little bit shorter than the vertebral column.
Name all five layers of skin in order from top to bottom.
Corneum, Lucidum, Granulosum, Spinosum, and Basale
What are the three different types of cartilage?
Hyaline, fibrocartilage, and elastic cartilage
State the difference between microvilli and cilia
Microvilli are used in absorption and increase surface area while cilia are for movement of things across apical surface
Define the term: nodes of ranvier
Unmyelinated areas of axon, signals jump between nodes as they travel down the axon
Medical staff usually takes a sample of CSF between L3 and L4. Why?
That is where the cauda equina is. The spinal cord unravels into hair-like threads, which float in the CSF. This makes it difficult to damage the spinal cord via a puncture
What is the primary difference in thick and thin skin?
There is an extra layer in thick skin. Stratum lucidum is present in thick skin (around hands and feet) below stratum lucidum.
State the difference between appositional and interstitial growth in cartilage
Interstitial is in the cartilage while appositional is on top
What is the function of a gap junction?
Cell-to-cell chemical communication
List an advantage of neural divergence and an advantage of neural convergence
Divergence allows one single to pass to multiple parts of the body.
Convergence allows for the CNS to make executive decisions.
What purpose do the cervical and lumbar enlargements serve? How does their structure govern their function?
The enlargements are where the innervation from the arms (cervical enlargement) and legs (lumbar enlargement) enter the spinal cord. They are slightly thicker and more robust than other sections of the spinal cord.
What is the function of dendritic cells?
They are immune cells in the skin. Take up foreign protein vis phagocytosis and destroy them.
Where are the endosteum and periosteum?
The endosteum lines the inner cavity of the bone, called the medullary cavity awhile the periosteum covers the whole bone and contains osteoblasts for appositional growth
Describe the structure and function of dense regular CT
Fibers in loose ground substance; all are oriented the same direction; forms internal skeleton and is used for support; resists in one direction
What is the purpose of Ependymal cells? Are they found in the CNS or the PNS?
The Ependymal cells secrete CSF in the CNS. They also are ciliated to help move the CSF through the body
John got stabbed in a bar fight. Afterward, he immediately lost all muscle coordination on the right side of his body below T7. Which spinal cord pathway was affected on which side?
Although a trauma injury is unlikely to affect just one path, the Spinocerebellar pathway was the one injured. Because it ascends ipsilaterally, the damage was done on the same side as the lack of coordination (so the right).
What are cleavage lines and why must a surgeon be aware of them before surgery?
Cleavage lines are collagen and elastic fibers that are organized parallel to each other to resist stress. Incisions made perpendicular to these lines tend to take longer to heal.
True or False: As a bone grows vertically, the epiphyseal plate shrinks to make room for more osteocytes
False: The epiphyseal plate maintains the same thickness as the bone grows. The diaphysis pushed the epiphysis away
Define Metaplasia and explain why it is bad
Metaplasia – growth of one type of epithelial tissue in a place where it isn’t supposed to be – can cause cancer
Roughly describe the structure of bipolar nerve cells. Where are these cells found?
Bipolar cells have two axons, branching of the opposite ends of the cell body. They are used in transmitting sensory info in the retina of the eyes
During a risky surgery, an unskilled doctor accidentally slashed a section the spinal cord in half down the middle, separating it into right and left halves. (OOPS!). What symptoms should the patient be expecting below the point of the injury?
The anterolateral pathway is the only one discussed that crosses through the sections like that. So the person would lose this pathway below the level of injury. Loss of crude touch, temperature, pain, and some pressure would result.
What are the three unencapsulated tactile receptors?
Free Nerve endings (temp and pain), tactile discs (light touch), and root hair plexus (detects and directs movement of hairs and light touch)
What disease or diseases are called by a deficiency of Vitamin D in bones in children?
Rickets