Joints
What is the function of joints (or articulations)?
What is movement and holding skeleton together?
What are the 6 levels of organization? (100 bonus points to those who can name specific parts of each level)
1. Chemical level (a molecule in the membrane that encloses a cell)
2. Cellular level (epithelial cells)
3. Tissue level (muscle tissue)
4. Organ level (livers)
5. System level (nervous system)
6. Organism level (body)
What is a molecule
A particle formed when two or more atoms chemically combine
Image 1 on Laptop
Image 1 on Laptop
What are the two types of skeletons? (100 bonus points for telling their definition)
Axial (long axis with skull, vertebral column, and rib cage) and Appendicular (limbs and girdles)
Where are Cartilaginous Joints located?
What is the epiphyseal plates, rib/sternum, and pubic symphysis?
What is special about the plasma membrane and how does it work?
It is a selectively permeable membranes that allows certain items to pass. Small and nonpolar molecules pass easier while larger and polar molecules require channels/pumps and active transport.
What characterizes a cation?
Formed when an atom loses electrons and becomes less negative.
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Image 2 on Laptop
What are 3 functions of the skeletal system?
1. Support body and cradle soft organs
2. Protect vital organs
3. Movement: muscles move bones
4. Storage of minerals (calcium, phosphorus) & growth factors
5. Blood cell formation in bone marrow
6. Triglyceride (fat) storage
How is the synovial fluid helpful?
What is providing cusion and lubrication to synovial joints when there is too much friction in specific joint regions.
What are the 4 roles of the proteins in the membrane?
1. Structural Support
2. Transports/Channels
3. Receptors
4. Self Markers
Are hydrogen bonds intermolecular and intramolecular forces
intermolecular force
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Image 3 on Laptop
What parts of the body are included in the central nervous system?
Brain and Spinal Cord
What are the different types of Synovial Joints?
What is plant, saddle, hinge, pivot, ball and socket, and ellipsoid joint?
- Joints lecture slide 11
Explain how DNA is converted to protein through the use of words transcription and translation.
1. Start and stop regions at the beginning and end of the gene
2. Promoter on gene
3. Transcription factors that bind to the promoter to begin transcription
4. mRNA binds to a ribosome
5. Once binded, the ribosome reads codons of mRNA and molecules of tRNA bring anticodon
6. This codes for an amino acid, which forms peptide bonds with the next amino acids and then polypeptide bonds, with occasional folding, to create a protein.
Name the four types of passive transport
1. Simple diffusion
2. Facilitated diffusion
3. Osmosis
4. Filtration
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Image 4 on Laptop
Sensory neurons
Describe how hip replacements work? Can this processes be done again?
During hip replacement, a surgeon removes the damaged sections of the hip joint and replaces them with parts usually constructed of metal. The prosthesis helps reduce pain and improve function. It is difficult to get another hip placement since the prosthesis will bind with cells in the leg, and make it harder to remove.
What does the codon UAG code for? You can use a chart.
It is a stop codon.
Seawater has a high amount of salt particles compared to freshwater. Freshwater fish can't live in seawater because the water would rush from their cells into the surrounding saltwater. They would soon die from dehydration. Saltwater fish, on the other hand, have adapted and now rely on saltwater to regulate their cells. The same works for saltwater plants; while typical plants need water to flow into their cells, saltwater plants like mangroves and seaweed contain salt from their environments. What type of solution is seawater?
Hypertonic solution.
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Image 5 on Laptop
When does the action potential spike up and when does it go down?
It spikes up when it reaches the threshold value after a certain amount of stimulus. Na channels open and Na rushes in through diffusion. The channels then close and Sodium Potassium pump works to establish the concentration gradients and potassium channels push out potassium as well. As potassium leaves the cell, it drops down charge making the action potential lower.