Endocrine
What is the main difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?
Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream, while exocrine glands secrete substances through ducts to a surface.
What are the three formed elements of blood?
RBCs, WBCs, Platelets
List the layers of the heart wall from superficial to deep.
Endocardium, myocardium, epicardium
Which hormones are lipid-soluble?
Steroid hormones and thyroid hormones.
What determines whether a hormone can enter a cell?
Whether it is lipid-soluble (can cross the membrane) or water-soluble (requires a membrane receptor)
Which leukocyte is most abundant?
Neutrophils
How do semilunar valves respond when intraventricular pressure rises above arterial pressure?
A) They open to allow blood flow into arteries
B) They remain closed until ventricular relaxation occurs
C) They close to prevent backflow into ventricles
A) They open to allow blood flow into arteries
If someone is type B blood, what antibodies do they have?
Anti-A antibodies
Which part of the pituitary releases ADH and oxytocin?
The posterior pituitary (though they are produced in the hypothalamus)
Which leukocyte increases during parasitic infections?
Eosinophils
What mechanical event corresponds to the P wave on an ECG?
Atrial depolarization (which leads to atrial contraction).
What is the function of aldosterone?
Increases sodium reabsorption (and water retention) in the kidneys, raising blood volume and blood pressure.
What hormone raises blood calcium levels?
Parathyroid hormone
What are platelets derived from?
Megakaryotcytes
Trace blood flow starting at the superior vena cava and ending at the aorta.
Superior vena cava → Right atrium → Tricuspid valve → Right ventricle → Pulmonary semilunar valve → Pulmonary trunk → Pulmonary arteries → Lungs → Pulmonary veins → Left atrium → Mitral valve → Left ventricle → Aortic semilunar valve → Aorta.
What does Rh positive mean?
Presence of the D antigen
List all 6 anterior pituitary hormones
FSH, LH
ACTH
TSH
GH
Prolactin
What are the three steps of hemostasis?
Vascular spasm
Platelet plug formation
Coagulation
What is the intrinsic firing rate of:
SA node?
AV node?
Purkinje fibers?
SA node: 60–100 bpm
AV node: 40–60 bpm
Purkinje fibers: 20–40 bpm
List the atrioventricular (AV) valves and the semilunar (SL) valves. Where are they located?
The AV valves are the tricuspid valve, located between the right atrium and right ventricle, and the mitral (bicuspid) valve, located between the left atrium and left ventricle.
The semilunar valves are the pulmonary valve, located between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk, and the aortic valve, located between the left ventricle and aorta.