Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
What is the difference between Anatomy and Physiology?
Anatomy is the study of the structures of the body and their relationships, while physiology is the study of how bodies and body systems function.
If something is towards the front of the body it is called what?
Anterior or ventral
Which cavities does the dorsal cavity include?
The cranial and vertebral cavities.
What are the two major types of epithelial tissue?
Covering or lining epithelium and glandular epithelium.
What is the definition of "tissue"?
A group of cells with a common origin that carry out a common task.
What is the difference between a symptom and a sign? Give an example of each.
A symptom is subjective experiences that don't appear to an observer, while signs are objective signs of a disease that can be measured.
An example of a symptom would be pain, while an example of a sign would be fever.
A plane that divides the body into equal right and left sections is called what?
A mid-sagittal plane
What three cavities does the thoracic cavities include?
The pericardial cavity, the pleural cavity, and the mediastinum.
What are the 3 words that can be used to describe the number of layers of epithelial cells in a tissue?
simple
stratified
pseudostratified
How are gap junctions different from tight junctions?
Gap junctions allow small molecules to pass between cells, while tight junctions keep adjacent cell membranes tightly bound so that there is no leakage of water and solutes between cells.
What is the difference between extracellular fluid, intracellular fluid, and interstitial fluid?
Intracellular fluid is within a cell, extracellular fluid is the fluid outside of the cell, and intersitial fluid is found within the tissue spaces (outside of the cells).
Describe the following body positions: anatomical, supine, prone
Anatomical: person is erect, facing forward, arms to the side with palms forward, legs parallel and feet flat.
Supine: person is lying down with the face up.
Prone: person is lying down with the face down.
What two cavities does the inferior ventral cavity consist of? Name an organ that resides in each.
The abdominal cavity (stomach, spleen, liver, small intestines and large intestines) and the pelvic cavity (bladder, reproductive organs, large intestines).
What are four words that can be used to describe the basic shape of superficial epithelial cells in a tissue?
Columnar
Cuboidal
Squamous
Transitional
What are the two types of nerve cells and what are their functions?
Neuron - conduct electrical impulses
Glia or neuroglia - support cells
What are 4 processes that distinguish living from non-living things?
1. Metabolism
2. Responsiveness
3. Movement
4. Growth
5. Differentiation
6. Reproduction
Name the plane that:
1. Divides the body into left and right parts
2. Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
3. Divides the body into superior and inferior parts
4. Divides the body at an angle
1. Sagittal
2. Frontal or coronal
3. Transverse
4. Oblique
While the dorsal cavity is lined with three layers of protective membranes called the _________, the ventral cavities are lined with double layered ____________ membranes.
meninges, serous
What is the difference between exocrine and endocrine glands?
Exocrine glands secrete products into ducts which empty onto external body surfaces, and endocrine glands secrete their products directly into the blood steam.
What are the three types of muscle cells and how do they differ from each other?
Smooth, skeletal and cardiac.
Smooth muscle tissue has no striations, a single nucleus per cell, and functions in involuntary movement.
Skeletal muscle tissue has striations, is multi-nucleated, and functions in voluntary movement.
Cardiac muscle is striated, has a single nucleus per cell, and is found only in the heart.
The functions of 3 different organ systems are described below. Name the organ systems.
1. Breaks down food into smaller molecules, absorbs nutrients and eliminates waste products.
2. Returns fluid from tissue spaces to the blood and protects against foreign pathogens.
3. Protects the body, helps to regulate temperature, and detects the sensation of touch.
1. Digestive System
2. Lymphatic System
3. Integumentary System
What are the 9 abdominal regions?
Right hypochondriac / Epigastric / Left hypochondriac
Right lumbar / Umbilical / Left lumbar
R. inguinal (iliac) / Hypogastric (pubic) / L. inguinal (iliac)
Serous membranes have a couple of layers. The membranes lining the inner walls of the anterior cavities (pleural, pericardial, and abdominopelvic) are called what?
1. the parietal pleura
2. the parietal pericardium
3. the parietal peritoneum
What type of epithelial cells are most likely to be found lining glands or in kidney tissue? What type of epithelial cells are most likely to be found lining the lungs?
Simple cuboidal
Simple squamous
Explain the difference between adherens, desmosomes and hemidesmosomes. Give an example of where each one can be found.
Adherens anchor cells together and have plaques reinforced by microfilaments of the cytoskeleton (found between epithelial tissue, and lining ducts and cavities).
Desmosomes have plaques reinforced by intermediate filaments and tend to be stronger than adherens. They're found where there is a lot of twisting or stretching (e.g. skin, heart).
Hemidesmosomes are similar to desmosomes, but hold the bottom layer of cells to a basement membrane (e.g. underneath the epithelial cells of blood vessels).