Digestive
Reproductive
The Brain
The Autonomic Nervous System
Sensory Motor
100
What are the organs of the GI Tract?
mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine
100
What are the functions of the uterus?
1. pathway for sperms to reach the uterine tubes
2. implantation site of fertilized ovum
3. development of fetus during pregnancy and labor
4. source of menstrual flow
100
Which letter indicates the brain stem?
Y
100
What are the two branches of the nervous system?
somatic and autonomic
100
What is the function of a mechanoreceptor?
Allow a human to feel pressure, touch, sound and vibration
200
What are the layers of the mucosa?
1. epithelium
2. lamina propria
3. Muscularis Mucosae
200
Briefly explain the importance of uterine blood flow and its role in the uterine cycle?
is the monthly preparation to receive a fertilized ovum
200
What is the main function of the thalamus?
The relay station for all sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex
- pain, temp, touch, pressure
- ALL EXCEPT SMELL
200
Which division of the nervous system is closer to its target organ?
sympathetic
200
What does the thermoreceptor do?
detect changes in temperature
300
Explain the nerve supply to the GI tract
2 plexuses
- myenteric plexus: between longitudinal and circular muscle of muscularis and controls the GI tract motility
- submucosal plexus: within the submucosa layer and supplies secretory cells of mucosal epithelium, controlling secretions
300
What is the ovarian cycle?
occurs in the ovaries where follicles are formed
- the mature Graafian follicle ruptures to expel the oocyte into the pelvic cavity and to be swept into the uterine tube; this then becomes the corpus leteum which is a temporary structure essential for establishing and maintaining pregnancy.
300
What is indicated in this picture?
longitudinal fissue
300
What are some things that the divisions of the nervous system affect in the body when fight or flight kicks in?
- pupils dilate
- heart rate goes up
- breathing/airways dilate
- blood flow to kidneys and GI tract go down
- blood flow to the skeletal muscle/cardiac muscle/ adipose tissue increases
- energy metabolism occurs
- digestion, urination, and defecation increases
300
What do nociceptors do?
senistive to painful stimuli
400
What are the 4 main functions of the stomach?
1. mixes saliva, food, gastric juices in order to form chyme
2. reservoir for food before the release into the small intestines
3. secretes gastric juices containing HCL, pepsin, intrinsic factors, and gastric lipase
4. secretes gastrin into the blood
400
What is the basic histology of the ovary?
a pair of organs in the upper pelvic region and is the site of oogenesis
400
What is the basic structure of the cranial meninges?
- dura mater: outer layer
- arachnoid mater: middle layer
- pia mater: inner layer
400
What are the differences between the somatic nervous system and the ANS?
- sensory input: somatic is input of spcial somatic sense while ANS is associated with interoceptors
- motor innervation: somatic innervates skeletal muscle and ANS innervates visceral activities by excitation or inhibition
- motor pathways: Somatic has one motor neuron and ANS has two motor neurons
- concious perception of senses v.s subconcious: somatic is conscious and ANS is unconscious
400
What do chemocreceptors do?
detect chemicals in the mouth, nose, and body fluids
500
What is gastric juice, its function, and the enzymes released inside of it?
Strongly acidic fluid that kills microbes, partially denatures proteins, and converts pepsinogen into pepsin.
- pepsin: only procolytic enzyme in the stomach
- gastric lipase: splits triglycerides
- intrinsic factors: required for absorption of vitamin B12 in the terminal ileum
500
What are the roles of the following in the menstrual cycle?
- FSH
- Estrogen
- LH
- Progesterone
FSH: growth of ovarian follicles before release of an egg
Estrogen: regulates the cycle controlling growth of the uterine lining
LH: triggers ovulation and development of the corpus luteum
Progesterone: maintaining the stages of early pregnancy and prepares the tissue to allow the egg to implant
500
Where is CSF produced and where is it reabsorbed into venous circulation?
produced in specialized ependymal cells in the choroid plexuses and reabsorbed into venous circulation in the subarachnoid granulations
500
What is the physiological importance of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions regarding the proximity to the target organ?
The parasympathetic response is more controlled than the sympathetic due to the narrow and focused action to the target organs
500
What do osmoreceptors do?
detect osmotic pressure of body fluids
- ex. thirst is detected in plasma osmolality in the hypothalamus