Eyes, Ears, and Mouth
What is the innermost layer of the eye
retina
following the left ventricle the blood gets pumped to...
the body
where does protein digestion begin?
it begins in the stomach activated by pepsin
what is the function of the upper respiratory system?
to warm, humidify, and filter air
how do you calculate total magnification of the microscope?
objective sense X the eye piece
these are used in bright light and detect color
cones
what happens in capillary beds?
as blood flows through capillaries there is en exchange of gases, wastes and and nutrients with the surrounding cells.
what is the major site for digestion and absorption
the small intestine
describe conducting vs respiratory zones
conducting zone: nose to terminal bronchioles, warm, filter, and humidify air.
Respiratory zone: respiratory bronchioles to alveoli, gas exchange occurs
what are the three types of muscle tissue, describe them
skeletal muscle is attached to the skeleton, is striated, and can be controlled voluntarily
Cardiac muscle forms the heart, is striated, and control involuntarily
Smooth muscle is located chiefly in the walls of hollow organs, is controlled involuntarily, it is not striated
what are the 5 basic taste qualities and which cranial nerves serve them?
sweet, sour, salty, bitter, umami
CN VII, IX, and X
what are the layers of a blood vessel?
tunica externa, tunica media, tunica intima
what are the 6 processes of the digestive system?
ingestion, propulsion, mechanical breakdown, digestion, absorption, and defecation.
list the paranasal sinuses and their function
located in the frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones. Lighten the skull and help warm and moisten air.
name the anterior pituitary hormones
GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL
how many areas of the ear are there? describe each one
External ear: composed of the auricle and external acoustic meatus, the tympanic membrane is the boundary between the outer and middle ear and transmits sounds to the middle ear
Middle ear: within temporal bone and connected to the pharyngotympanic tube to the nasopharynx. It contains the ossicles which amplify sound to to the oval window.
Internal ear: bony labyrinth which contain perilymph, ducts and sacs contain endolymph.
describe the valves and their locations and functions
mitral valve (L) and tricuspid valve (R): prevent back flow to atria
pulmonary (R) and aortic (L): prevent back flow into ventricles
location and function of the peritoneum
The peritoneum is the serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity. The peritoneum serves to support the organs of the abdomen and acts as a conduit for the passage of nerves, blood vessels, and lymphatics. Although the peritoneum is thin, it is made of 2 layers with a potential space between them. The outer layer is the parietal peritoneum, which attaches to the abdominal and pelvic walls. The inner visceral layer wraps around the internal organs located inside the intraperitoneal space.
function of pleura and pleural fluid
parietal pleura lines thoracic wall and mediastinum, visceral pleura cover external lung surfaces and hold the lungs in place. Pleural fluid reduces friction during breathing movements.
compare and contrast eccrine and apocrine glands
eccrine: distributed over entire body surface, thermoregulate, excrete a salt solution
apocrine: scent glands, found primarily in axillary and anogenital areas, excrete protein and fatty substances
trace the visual pathway to the visual cortex
Light enters the eye through the cornea. This is the clear, dome-shaped surface that covers the front of the eye.
From the cornea, the light passes through the pupil. The iris, or the colored part of your eye, controls the amount of light passing through.
From there, it then hits the lens. This is the clear structure inside the eye that focuses light rays onto the retina.
Next, light passes through the vitreous humor. This is the clear, jelly-like substance that fills the center of the eye. It helps to keep the eye round in shape.
Finally, the light reaches the retina. This is the light-sensitive nerve layer that lines the back of the eye. Here the image is inverted.
The optic nerve is then responsible for carrying the signals to the visual cortex of the brain. The visual cortex turns the signals into images (for example, our vision).
what is the path of blood through the heart starting with Vena cava and ending with the aorta
VC, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary trunk, , lungs, pulmonary veins, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, body
how is the digestive system controlled?
the enteric nervous system. Receptors and hormone secreting cells respond to stretch and chemical signals resulting in stimulation or inhibition of GI activity.
describe alveoli
microscopic chambers at the end of there bronchial tree. walls are made up of simple squamous epithelium which overlie and thin basement membrane, external surfaces and closely associated with pulmonary capillaries. they are the main site of gas exchange.
what are the 12 cranial nerves and their functions
I olfactory: Sensory, smell
II Optic: sensory, transmit visual impulses from retina to thalamus
III Oculomotor: Motor, innervate 4 extrinsic eye muscles.
IV Trochlear: primarily motor, carry impulses to and from superior oblique muscles of the eyeballs.
V trigeminal: S and M, sensory nerves of face, chewing muscle
VI Abducens: motor, lateral rustic muscles of eyeballs
VII Facial: S and M, motor nerves of face, carry taste bud impulses from anterior tongue.
VIII vestibulocochlear: sensory, hearing
IX glossopharyngeal: S and M, impulses from posterior tongue, the pharynx, and chemo- and baroreceptors. innervate some pharyngeal muscles.
X Vagus: S and M, parasympathetic control of the heart, lungs, and digestive tract.
XI Accessory: motor, supplies the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles.
XII Hypoglossal: motor, enables tongue movement