Respiratory
What are the four processes of respiration?
1. Pulmonary ventilation
2. External respiration
3. Transport of respiratory gases
4. internal (cellular) respiration
What are the 6 major digestive processes?
Ingestion, propulsion, mechanical digestion, chemical digestion, absorption, defecation
Anabolism
- synthetic. Add together. Build up
Catabolism
- degradative. Take apart.
Describe the three layers of the filtration membrane
1. Fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillaries
2. Visceral membrane of glomerular capsule made by podocytes
3. Intervening basement membrane (fused basal lamina of other two layers)
- permits most solutes and only the smallest proteins to pass
What are the main cation and anion in the extra and intracellular fluids?
What pump maintains this concentration?
Extracellular fluid
- Na is main cation, Cl is main anion
Intracellular fluid
- K is main cation, phosphate is main anion
ATP NaK pumps
Differentiate between the respiratory and conducting zone
Respiratory zone (gas exchange)
- respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli
Conducting zone (conduit for air, cleanse, humidify, warm)
- all other passageways
Compare and contrast peristalsis and segmentation
Peristalsis
- food is moved distally along the tract. Propulsive
Segmentation
- Food is moved back and forth. Mixed
Define oxidation and reduction.
Oxidation
- loss of hydrogen or gain oxygen
- lose electrons
Reduction
- gains hydrogen from oxidized substance
- gain electrons
What is GFR?
What is a normal GFR?
GFR is the total amount of filtrate formed per minute by kidneys
Normal is 120-125 ml/min
What happens to the cell in dehydration?
What are causes of dehydration?
The cell shrinks.
Hemorrhage, severe burns, prolonged vomiting or diarrhea, profuse sweating, water deprivation, diuretic abuse, diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus
Define tidal volume, vital capacity, residual volume, and dead space.
List the volumes of each
Tidal volume - volume for a normal breath. 500 ml
Vital capacity - total amount a person can breathe in and total amount out. 4800 ml
Residual volume - air that is always in the lungs. 1200 ml
dead space - air that does not participate in gas exchange. 150 ml
What are the 4 types of secretory cells in the gastric glands?
What do each one make?
Mucous neck cells
- acidic mucus
Parietal cells
- HCl, intrinsic factor
Chief cells
- pepsinogen
Enteroendocrine cells
- gastrin, histamine, endorphins, serotonin, cholecystokinin, somatostatin
Describe glycogenolysis.
(What do you start with, what are the outcomes)
Start with -2 ATP
Gain 4 ATP and 2 NADH
Outcome is 2 pyruvic acid
Where does reabsorption begin in the nephron?
What is completely reabsorbed here?
Proximal convoluted tubule
Glucose, amino acids, organics
What happens to the cell in hypotonic hydration?
What causes hypotonic hydration?
The cell bursts.
Excessive water intake or kidney insufficiency.
Define boyle's, dalton's, and henry's law
Boyle's
- P1V1 = P2V2. Relationship between pressure and volume of gases
Dalton's
- Pressure of each gas is proportional to amount of that gas in the mixture
Henry's
- the ability of a gas to dissolve in liquid is proportional to it's pressure
What are the 3 modifications of the small intestine to increase absorption?
1. Circular folds (plicae circulares)
2. Villi
- epithelia = absorptive columnar enterocytes
3. Microvili
- create brush border
- brush border enzymes
Describe electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation.
1. Electrons from NADH and H create transport gradient
2. Gradient drives them through the ATP synthase complex
3. ATP synthase uses this electrical energy to synthesize ATP from ADP + P
Describe how ADH, aldosterone, and ANP affect water and sodium
ADH
- reabsorbs fluid. "don't pee" hormone.
Aldosterone
- reabsorbs water, followed by sodium reabsorption
ANP
- inhibits sodium reabsorption
What causes metabolic acidosis?
What causes metabolic alkalosis?
What are the bicarb levels in both?
Metabolic acidosis
- excessive loss of bicarbonate ions
Metabolic alkalosis
- vomiting of the acid contents of the stomach
- intake of excess base (antacids)
Bicarb is low in acidosis, high in alkalosis
How does pH, CO2, and temperature affect how much O2 binding to hemoglobin?
pH
- High pH increases O2 sat
- Low pH decreases O2 sat
CO2
- High CO2 decreases O2 sat
- Low CO2 increases O2 sat
Temp
- High temp decreases O2 sat
- Low temp increases O2 sat
What to cholecystokinin and secretin do during digestion?
1. Pancreatic secretion
2. Bile secretion by liver
3. Gallbladder secretion
4. Hepatopancreatic sphincter relaxation
- bile enters the duodenum
Differentiate between the post absorptive and absorptive states. Which state is insulin more prevalent and which state is glucagon more prevalent?
Absorptive
- Anabolism. Fed. Building things up. Insulin is more prevalent because of increase blood glucose
Post-absorptive
- catabolism. Breaking things down. Glucagon is more prevalent because of decreased blood glucose
Describe where water can and can't leave the loop of henle.
Water can leave descending limb but not the ascending limb
What causes respiratory acidosis?
What causes respiratory alkalosis?
What are the CO2 levels in both?
Respiratory acidosis
- person breathes infrequently or shallowly
- pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, emphysema. gas exchange is impaired
Respiratory alkalosis
- hyperventilation
CO2 high in acidosis, low in alkalosis