Muscular/Skeletal
Nervous
Circulatory
Respiratory/Digestive
Terms
100
Identify the sections of the spinal column and the number of vertebra in each.
Cervical (7), thoracic (12), lumbar (5), sacral (5 fused) and coccyx (4 rudimentary)
100
The neurons responsible for carrying instructions to the muscles are called________________?
Efferent
100
Name the 4 chambers of the heart
Right and left atrium, right and left ventricle
100
Name and briefly describe two parts/zones of the respiratory system.
1). Conducting zone ("dead space") - passages by which air reaches the sites of gas exchange that clean, humidify, and warm the incoming air. 2)Respiratory zone - sites of gas exchange: respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli
100
Define flexion and extension of the spine in terms of the length of the front and back of the spine.
Flexion of the spine-the back of the spine is longer than the front, Extension of the spine-the front of the spine is longer than the back
200
What 2 muscles of the body do not stop functions for prolonged periods of time?
Heart, diaphragm
200
The Autonomic Nervous System is divided into the ______________and the _______________. Briefly describe each.
Sympathetic-fight or flight and Parasympathetic-relaxation response
200
Blood leaves the heart via the ________to perfuse the body. It returns to the heart via the _________.
Aorta…….vena cava
200
What is the main function of respiration?
The main function of respiration is gas exchange. As we breath in, oxygen moves into the alveolus, from the alveolus into the alveolar capillary, from capillary to the cell. As carbon dioxyde accumulates in the cell, it diffuses to capillary and then to the alveolus. (Another way to explain: Exchange of O2 and CO2 between the cells of the body and the outside environment).
200
What does lateral extension of the spine mean?
Lateral extension of the spine means that one side of the spine is longer than the other.
300
Name 3 types of muscle contraction?
Isotonic: concentric and eccentric, isometric, isokinetic
300
The nervous system is divided into 2 general systems the ______________ and the _____________. Identify the (general) components of each.
The central and peripheral nervous system. Central-Brain and spinal cord and Peripheral-nerves (motor and sensory)
300
Blood returns to the heart via what system, arterial or venous?
venous
300
True of False: The act of respiration is purely voluntary because it involves skeletal muscle contraction and relaxation. Explain.
This is False. The act of respiration is both voluntary and involuntary - different mechanisms. (From the lecture: The act of breathing is a somatic act of skeletal muscles (voluntary). We breath 24/7 without thinking thanks to respiratory centers in the brain stem (pons, medulla). Input from these centers to the motor neurons is unconscious. Involuntary).
300
Define groin depth and how it relates to placement (location) of the head of the femur.
The natural placement of the femur in its socket, femurs to the hamstring helps creates depth in the groin (cresent-shaped) crease between the thigh and hip
400
What type of muscle contraction moves the insertion (distal part of the muscle/limb) closer to its origin?
Concentric
400
What part of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for voluntary control of body movements?
The somatic nervous system
400
Blood pressure is an expression of what? _____________ and _____________
systolic pressure=pressure exerted by a contraction of the heart pushing the blood into and through the arterial system, diastolic=pressure exerted in the system when the heart is not contracting
400
Name and define two types of digestion?
Mechanical - mastication, movement of the GI tract; Chemical - series of catabolic reactions that break down CHO, PRO, fat into smaller molecules that can be used by the body
400
Using tadasana as the reference position, when one internally rotates the leg (from the hip joint) in what direction are the toes pointing? (in or out from the center line of the body)
In toward the midline of the body
500
Name and define four main muscle characteristics.
Excitability - can get activated to perform action, contractility - ability to shorten when stimulated, extensibility - can lengthen beyond neutral without tearing, and elasticity - comes back to neutral after being lengthened.
500
Afferent neurons are also known as _______________? What is their general function?
Sensory neurons, they bring in information from every afferent receptor back to the central nervous system.
500
What action helps with the return of blood to the heart?
Muscular contractions, inversions + valves
500
What are villi?
Hair-like projections that line the interior part of the small intestine. Sites of nutrient absorption.
500
Define the following planes of motion:
a. Flexion- movement of a body part toward the body (in general the angle between the joints decreases) b. Extension- movement of a body part away from the body (in general the angle between the joints increases) c. Abduction- movement of a body part away from the midline of the body d. Adduction- movement of a body part toward the midline of the body e. External Rotation- movement of a body part away from the body around its axis f. Internal Rotation- movement of a body part toward the body around its axis g. Supination - facing up (“soup”) h. Pronation - facing down (“pour”)
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