Axilla
What nerves supply each of the cords of the brachial plexus
What is
Lateral Cord: C5 and C6
Posterior Cord: C7
Medial Cord: C8 and T1
What are three major vessels that originate from the vertebral artery
What are three major vessels that originate from the internal carotid artery
Vertebral: Basilar, Posterior Cerebral, Posterior Communicating
Internal Carotid: Anterior Cerebral, Anterior Communicating, Middle Cerebral
State the borders of the anterior and posterior triangles
Anterior: Sternohyoid, Mandible, and Sternocleidomastoid
Posterior: Clavicle, Trapezius, Sternocleidomastoid
Describe the difference between right and left primary bronchus; where would a foreign body fall and what occurs when this happens
Right is steeper and larger
Left is more narrow
FB would fall into the right bronchus; airway would not be completely blocked because of independent air supply
1. What is a cause of valves not sealing properly, typically occurs in the tricuspid valve
2. What is caused by insufficient Chordae tendinae function
1. Fibrous myocardium
2. Valve Prolapse
What bone obstruction typically causes the childbirth form of shoulder dystocia
Pubic symphysis
Detail the pathway of CSF starting at the lateral ventricles
Lateral Ventricle -> Interventricular Foramen -> Third ventricle -> Cerebral Aquaduct -> Fourth Ventricle -> 2 lateral and 1 medial apertures -> subarachnoid space to bathe external surface of brain and spinal cord -> arachnoid villi to be reabsorbed to venous supply
What does the tubercle of the rib articulate with? The head of the rib?
Tubercle: Transverse process of thoracic vertebrae
Head: Body of vertebrae
Describe Valsalva's maneuver and its effect
Compression of abdominal muscles and closing the glottis to increase pressure in the ventral cavity
Increased pressure on inferior vena cava and decreased stroke volume
Describe the two types of heart hypertrophy
Concentric: Bad
Increased muscle mass but not musculature to the heart, working hard while doing its normal job
Eccentric: Good
Caused by increased physical activity or pregnancy, working less for the same job
Give an example of how a person could suffer from a nerve injury below the axilla and what nerves would be affected and how you would confirm which nerves
Mastectomy - arteries could be damaged by hemorrhaging and veins by allowing air into vessels to work as a blood clot
Long thoracic - innervates serratus anterior and could cause difficulty with inhalation
Thoracodorsal Nerve - innervates the lattisimus dorsi and could cause difficulty with extension, adduction, and medial rotation of shoulder joint
Name four major parts of the brain involved in movement and their functions
Primary motor area (execution of movement), Premotor area (muscle memory), cerebellum (balance, muscle coordination), and basal nuclei (start/stopping/smoothing movement - affected in Huntington's Diease)
Bonus: what are the three parts of basal nuclei
State the path of a blood cell from the subclavian to the external iliac artery
Subclavian a. -> Internal thoracic a. -> superior epigastric a. -> inferior epigastric a. -> external iliac a.
Why is there fluid in the pleura and not air?
prevents the visceral and parietal pleura from rubbing together when you breathe. Decreases the surface tension, ie plate stuck on wet table
List the five fetal vasculature structures and what they turn into
Ductus arteriosus: Ligamentum arteriosum
Oval foramen: Oval Fossa
Ductus venosus: Ligamentum venosum
Umbilical vein: Round ligament of liver
Umbilical artery: Medial umbilical ligament
Describe a nerve compression injury and its effects at the beginning of the following nerves:
A. Ulnar Nerve
B. Musculocutaneous Nerve
C. Radial Nerve
There will be a physical impairment to the nerve which causes superficial nerves to feel numb and tingling
A. Symptoms down flexor carpi ulnaris to hypothenar
B. Symptoms through coracobrachialis, biceps brachii, and brachialis
C. Symptoms through posterior forearm and extensors, dorsal side of hand
Describe the 3 major parts of the brain stem and their function
Midbrain: superior (visual) and inferior (auditory) colliculi are responsible for startle reflex
Pons: some respiration, involuntary muscles, and relaying information between brain/spinal cord
Medulla Oblongata: vital organ, houses cranial nerve nuclei and controls visceral functions (blood pressure, breathing, heart rate)
State origin, insertion, and innervation of intercostal muscles?
Where should a needle be inserted at to pass the rib cage and why?
Origin: inferior border of the rib above
Insertion: superior border of the rib below
Innervation: Intercostal nerve
Needle should be inserted superior to the rib since the nerves and vessels run along the costal groove
What is the name for a partial collapsed lung
Atelectasis
Name the tetralogy of fallot
1. R. ventricular hypertrophy
2. Ventricular Septal Defect
3. Pulmonary Valve Stenosis
4. Narrowed Pulmonary Trunk
Starting at the right subclavian artery, detail the blood cells path down (medial to lateral) the arm detailing branching and the major destinations of each branch.
R. Subclavian a. -> R. Thoraco-acromial a. (supplies pectoral, acromial, clavicular, deltoid) -> Enter R. axillary a. -> R. Subscapular artery (supplies thoracodorsal a.) R. Posterior humeral a. (supplies armpit, upper arm, thorax, joins back at brachial a.) -> R. Anterior posterior humeral circumflex a. (supplies shoulder joint, deltoid) -> R. Profunda brachii a. (supplies deltoid and triceps).
State the name, type (sensory/motor), function, and a test for the following cranial nerves:
CN IV, V, VII, VIII
CN IV: Trochlear, motor, movement of superior oblique, failure to control right eye on looking down and right
CN V: Trigeminal, sensory and motor, sensory to anterior face and chewing muscles (masseter and pterygoid), failure to bite down on a mold after touching face with a feather
CN VII: Facial, sensory and motor, sensory on anterior 2/3 of tongue and motor of tear ducts, 2 anterior salivary glands, and facial muscles, failure to cry and salivate and close mouth when a spider is placed on tip of tongue
CN VIII: Vestibulocochlear, sensory, balance and hearing, failure to stand on one leg when there is an alarm
Name the innervation of the following suprahyoid muscles:
Myohyoid, Geniohyoid, Stylohyoid, Digastric
Myohyoid: Mandibular branch of trigeminal (V3)
Geniohyoid: CN XII, hypoglossal
Stylohyoid: CN VII, facial
Digastric: Posterior (CN V3) and Anterior (CN VII)
What is the difference between closed and open pneumothorax
Closed: the pleural tear is sealed, the pressure in the cavity is less than atmospheric pressure
Open: the pleural tear is sealed, the pressure in the cavity is equal to the atmospheric pressure. Pushes the mediastinum to compress the other lung
List problems with a fetus suffering from the tetralogy of fallot
R. Ventricle hypertrophy: less volume in r. ventricle
Ventricular septal defect: hole in interventricular wall, overriding aorta
Pulmonary Valve Stenosis: pressure buildup in atrium
Narrowed Pulmonary Trunk: decreases blood flow