Bone Structure +
The Knee Joint
The Knee Joint
These collagen fibers anchor the periosteum firmly to the underlying bone surface by penetrating deep into bone matrix.
What are perforating or Sharpey's fibers?
- Periosteum = dense irregular collagenous connective tissue, rich with blood supply (nutrient arteries/veins entering via nutrient foramen) and nerves
The lateral ventricles are connected to the third ventricle through this structure.
- What is the interventricular foramen or foramen of Monroe?
- 3rd ventricle = between lobes of diencephalon
- 3rd connected to 4th (between pons and cerebellum) through cerebral aqueduct
31 pairs of spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord through these openings in the vertebral column.
- What are the intervertebral fossa?
The descending aorta bifurcates into these two arteries.
- What are the right and left common iliac arteries?
- They then EACH bifurcate into external and internal iliac arteries
The deep cerebellar nuclei (grey matter) within the cerebellum that resembles ”teeth” is known as this.
- What is dentate nuclei?
- Can be seen on transverse section of cerebellum, one within each hemisphere
- Arbor vitae is white matter, resembles tree
The knee joint is a hinge type of synovial joint. A synovial joint is made up of three unique features including articular cartilage, synovial fluid, and this last component.
What is an articular or joint capsule?
- Capsule has a fibrous outer layer and an inner synovial membrane layer
The fornix of the limbic system wraps around the brain and leads into these two structures of the limbic system.
- What is the hippocampus and amygdala
- The limbic lobes (separate from fornix, hippocampus, and amygdala) are found superior
These ligaments of the spinal cord pass through the arachnoid mater and connect the pia mater to the dura mater.
- What are denticulate ligaments?
- Dura mater of spinal cord ONLY has meningeal layer
These are the three major branches of the brachial plexus that form the classic “M” shape.
- What are musculocutaneous, median, and ulnar nerves? (lateral to medial)
- 2 deeper: axillary and radial (wraps around posterior arm)
The ridges along the outer surface of the cerebellum are known as this.
- What are folia?
This ligament has an anterior insertion site on the tibia from the posterior aspect of the femur. Its role is to prevent hyperextension and the tibia from moving too far anteriorly.
- What is the anterior cruciate ligament? (ACL)
- PCL: posterior position on tibia
- tibial/medial collateral ligament: femur -> medial meniscus -> tibia
- fibular/lateral collateral ligament: femur -> lateral meniscus -> fibula
Choroid plexuses are found within all 4 ventricles and are lined by these types of cells to help produce CSF fluid.
- What are ependymal cells
- Receive fluid/electrolytes leaking out of fenestrated capillaries of choroid plexus, refine and secrete fluid as CSF
- CSF movement assisted by cilia on ependymal cells
- CSF is reabsorbed into venous blood via arachnoid granulations
Spinal sensory nerves (afferent fibers of somatic/visceral nerves) arise from the posterior root, aka this term, of gray matter.
- What is dorsal root?
- Motor spinal nerves (efferent fibers) arise from the VENTRAL root of gray matter
The more medial bifurcation of the superficial axillary vein is known as this, which will form collateral circulation with the cephalic vein through the median cubital vein.
What is the basilic vein?
- Superficial veins: cephalic, axillary, basilic, median cubital
- Deep: FOLLOWS ARTERIES, bracial, radial + ulnar
The substantia nigra is a location within the midbrain responsible for the production of this.
- What is dopamine?
- Midbrain responsible for movement, sensation, and startle reflex
The knee joint is made up of three articulations, which includes two femorotibial joints (medial/lateral condyles of femur to tibial articular surfaces) and this other joint.
- What is the femoropatellar joint
- Anterior patellar surface of femur to posterior surface of patella
This space within the spinal cord and brain meninges is filled with CSF, especially at the base of the spinal cord.
- What is subarachnoid space?
- Found between arachnoid and Pia mater
This nerve is part of sacral plexus and conducts sensory to the skin of the posterior thigh.
What is the sciatic nerve?
- At the knee, bifurcates into tibial nerve and common fibular (peroneal) nerve -> superficial and deep fibular nerve
The final branch of the popliteal artery includes these two main arteries.
- The anterior and posterior tibial arteries
- Anterior: anterior and more lateral, becomes DORSALIS PEDIS ARTERY as it crosses ankle joint
- Posterior: posterior and more medial, has a fibular artery branch (medial) and splits into medial/lateral plantar arteries
- Branch of lateral plantar artery forms anastomosis with dorsalis pedis artery to form plantar arch
The cerebellum is functionally divided into 3 different section: cerebrocerebellum, spinocerebellum, and this third section responsible for balance and ocular reflexes (hint: think cranial nerve responsible for body position)
- What is the vestibulocerebellum?
- Vestibulocerebellum located in vermis.
- Cerebrocerebellum: lateral hemisphere, planning movement/motor learning, coordination of muscle activation
- Spinocerebellum: intermediate zone, regulate body movement and error control
The knee joint has two C-shaped fibrocartilage pads between the femoral and tibial condyles that are known by these names.
- What are the lateral and medial meniscus?
This part of the limbic system is anterior to the hippocampus and involved in behavior expression of emotion, especially fear.
- What is the amygdala?
- Hippocampus: involved in memory and learning
- Limbic lobe: form ring on medial side of cerebral hemisphere, contain two main gyri the cingulate gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus.
This nerve of the lumbar plexus conducts motor movement to the thigh adductors and gracilis muscle as well as sensory to the superomedial thigh.
- What is the obturator nerve?
- The femoral nerve is larger and more lateral, conducts motor to the quadriceps femoris, iliopsoas, and sartorius muscles and sensory to anterior/medial thigh, medial leg and foot
The great saphenous vein anastomoses into this lateral superficial vein through the dorsal venous arch of the foot.
- What is the small saphenous vein?
- Small saphenous vein drains into popliteal vein in popliteal fossa
- Great saphenous -> femoral -> external iliac vein
These tracts within the anterior surface of the medulla oblongata contain upper motor neuron fibers of the corticospinal tract as they travel from the cerebral cortex to spinal cord.
- What are the pyramids/pyramidal tract?
- Posterior columns carry sensory information
- Medulla helps with breathing, heart rate, etc...
- Nerves DECUSSATE (cross) within medulla