Cells
What is osmosis?
The diffusion of water only across a cell or semi-permeable membrane.
What are the 4 types of muscles?
Connective, Muscle, Epithelial, Nervous
What is a function of the skeletal system?
Support and protect
Body movement
Blood cell formation
Storage of inorganic material
What are the types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal - striated, voluntary
Smooth - involuntary (ex: digestive)
Cardiac - heart
What is the function of the nervous system?
maintaining homeostasis
Stages of Mitosis
Interphase/Prophase/Metaphase/Anaphase/Telophase
What is cartilage?
A type of dense connective tissue.
Types of joins
Ball and socket
Hinge
Pivot
Saddle
What is the Neuromuscular Junction
where a nerve and muscle fiber come together.
Anatomy of a neuron
Cell Body: Contains the nucleus and other cell organelles
Dendrites: shorter, more numerous, receive information
Axons: single long fibers, conducts information away from the cell
Exocytosis & Endocytosis
Exocytosis: secretion; things exit the cell
Endocytosis: things enter the cell
What is the difference between tendons and ligaments?
Tendons = muscles to bones
Ligaments = bones to bones
What is the long bone structure?
Epiphysis - end of the bone
Diaphysis - shaft of the bone
Articular Cartilage - cartilage covering the ends of the bones
Periosteum - membrane covering entire bone
Medulla - within diaphysis, contains bone marrow
Myosin v. Actin
Myosin: thick filaments - A Bands
Actin: thin filaments - I Bands
What are the lobes of the brain?
Frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital.
What is the relationship between cancer and mitosis?
Cancer is a disease of mitosis - the normal 'checkpoints' regulating mitosis are ignored. This causes uncontrolled cell division.
What are the types of squamous cells and their functions?
Simple Squamous-
Form: flat and thin, single layer.
Function: diffusion and filtration
Found in air sacs of the lungs, capillaries
Stratified Squamous-
Form: Single layer, long cells
Function: secretion and absorption
Found in the digestive tract and uterus
What are osteocytes?
Mature bone cells.
Enclosed in tiny chambers called lacunae.
These form rings called lamellae around a Haversian canal which houses blood vessels.
Canaliculi connects the osteocytes.
What is Muscular Dystrophy?
A disorder causing muscle weakness and leads to reduced mobility.
What is the function of each lobe?
Frontal - decision making, planning, attention, analyzing.
Parietal - where your body is in a 3D space
Temporal - Hearing, recognizing language, memory
Occipital - eyes (vision)
Name all the organelles and each of their functions.
Endoplasmic Reticulum: transport system
Golgi Apparatus: package and delivery of proteins produced by the ribosomes.
Mitochondria: The "powerhouse" of the cell. Through a process called Cellular Respiration it produces ATP.
Lysosomes: Contain enzymes to break down substances.
Centrosomes: During cell division, they form a spindle.
Cytoskeleton: Cell shape and support
Cilia and Flagella: Movement
Nucleus: "Brain" of the cell. Directs cell activities and stores genetic information (DNA)
What is epidermolysis bullosa?
Connective tissue disorder
Causes skin to blister easily.
Pectoral Girdle v. Pelvic Girdle
Pectoral Girdle -
Shoulders, clavicles, scapulas, arm (humerus, radius, ulna), calpals, metacarpals, and phalanges.
Pelvic Girdle -
Coxal bones (hips), legs (femur, patella, tibia, fibula), tarsals (ankle and upper foot), calcaneus (largest bone in the heel bone).
What is the Sliding Filament Theory
The theory of how muscle contracts. The contraction occurs as the thin filaments side past the thick filaments.
What are the neuroglial cells and their functions?
Microglial Cells: Immune function; digest debris, kills bacteria
Oligodendrocytes: make myelin sheath that provides insulation around the axons
Astrocytes: connect blood vessels to neurons
Ependymal Cells: forms membranes around tissues
Schwann cells: form the insulating myelin sheath around the neurons in the PNS