Nervous System
What do Afferent Nerves do?
Bring sensory information into the spinal cord
Which limbic system component is shaped like a seahorse and is crucial for the formation of new long-term declarative memories?
The Hippocampus
Name the four major lobes of the cerebral cortex
frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes
What are the three main, large divisions of the brain?
cerebrum, cerebellum, and brainstem
The neuron processes that normally receives incoming stimuli are called:
Dendrites
What are the signs of an activated sympathetic nervous system?
Increased heart rate, dilated pupils and released adrenaline
This small, almond-shaped structure is involved in processing emotion, particularly fear and aggression
Amygdala
Which lobe contains the primary motor area that enables voluntary control of skeletal muscle movements?
Frontal Lobe
Which part of the brain is essential for survival, regulating basic automatic functions like heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure?
The Brainstem
Immediately after an action potential is propagated, which ions rapidly diffuses out of the cell into the tissue fluid
potassium (K+) ions
What are the 3 membranous layers covering the brain & the spinal cord?
Dura Mater, Archnoid Mater and Pia Mater
Which 2 brain parts work together to attach meanings to memories?
Hippocampus & Amygdala
Which part is associated with control of temperature, endocrine activity, metabolism, and thirst
Hypothalamus
A stroke that affects the left cerebral hemisphere is most likely to cause motor deficits on which side of the body?
Right side of the body
What is the substance that is released at axonal endings to propagate a nervous impulse?
Neurotransmitters
The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) mainly functions to
Cushion and protect the brain from injury
What is Korsakoff’s Syndrome?
Characterized by memory loss & difficulty forming new memories. Caused by severe thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency. It often results from alcohol abuse.
What is the primary function of the thalamus?
A relay station for sensory and motor signals, directing them to the cerebral cortex for processing
Name the 5 main divisions of the brain
The telencephalon, diencephalon, mesencephalon, metencephalon, and myelencephalon
What is the correct sequence of events that follows a threshold potential?
(1) the membrane depolarizes
(2) voltage-gated sodium channels open and sodium ions rush in
(3) the membrane repolarizes
(4) voltage-gated potassium channels open and potassium ions diffuse out.
What is the function of the Corpus Callosum
to transmit neural signals between the left and right hemispheres of the brain, allowing them to communicate and coordinate their activities
State 2 of the functions of the Basal Ganglia
The basal ganglia are crucial for motor control, habit formation, executive functions, and emotions.
Damage to this lobe is most likely to result in an inability to recognize faces (prosopagnosia) or a deficit in memory retrieval
Temporal Lobe
What are the three components of the brainstem, from superior to inferior?
the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata
Mention the difference between Motor Neurons, Sensory Neurons & Interneurons
Motor Neurons: Transmits signals from the central nervous system (CNS) to muscles and glands, controlling muscle movement and gland secretions.
Sensory Neuron: Carries signals from sensory receptors in the peripheral nervous system to the CNS, bringing information about the body's internal and external environment
Interneuron: Relays signals between other neurons, including sensory and motor neurons. They integrate information and help form complex neural circuits in the CNS