Atoms and Bonding
Anything that has mass and takes up space.
What is matter?
A negatively charged ion (gained electrons).
What is an anion?
They dissociate into electrolytes needed for nerve impulses and muscle contractions.
How do salts help the body?
Condition where blood pH rises above 7.45.
What is alkalosis?
Adenosine triphosphate; the main energy currency of the cell.
What is ATP?
The smallest unit of matter; composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
What is an atom?
Ionic bond.
What bond involves the transfer of electrons?
The concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution.
What does pH measure?
Made of monosaccharides; provide quick energy (e.g., glucose).
What is the structure and function of carbohydrates?
A protein that speeds up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy.
What is an enzyme?
Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
What are isotopes?
Covalent bond.
What bond involves the sharing of electrons?
7.35–7.45.
What is the normal blood pH range?
Long-term energy storage, insulation, and cell membrane structure.
What is the main function of lipids?
When the substrate binds to the enzyme’s active site.
What is the enzyme-substrate complex?
An atom with a positive or negative charge due to loss/gain of electrons.
What is an ion?
Hydrogen bond.
What weak bond forms between water molecules?
A substance that resists changes in pH by binding or releasing H+ ions.
What is a buffer?
Amino acids; they perform diverse functions like enzymes, hormones, and structural support.
What are proteins made of?
Loss of enzyme shape and function due to heat or pH changes.
What is denaturation?
A positively charged ion (lost electrons).
What is a cation?
It is a universal solvent, regulates temperature, and is vital for chemical reactions.
Why is water essential for life?
Condition where blood pH drops below 7.35.
What is acidosis?
DNA and RNA; store and transmit genetic information.
What are nucleic acids?
Temperature, pH, substrate concentration, inhibitors.
What factors affect enzyme activity?