Bone and Muscle Tissue
Structure, location and functions of cardiac tissue
structure: branched, striated, single nucleus, connected by intercalated disks
location: only in the heart
functions: circulate blood, maintain blood pressure
Name the 2 methods of joint classification and the types of each method
Functional classification: based on ROM
- amphiarthrosis: slightly moveable
- diarthrosis: freely moveable
- synarthrosis: immoveable
Structural classification: based on anatomical organization
- bony - sacrum
- fibrous - skull sutures
- cartilaginous- costal cartilage
- synovial- all synovial are diarthrotic
Name the 4 spinal curves, identify if they are primary/secondary, kyphosis/lordosis.
cervical
- secondary, lordosis
- develops after birth as infant learns to balance the weight of the head
thoracic
- primary, kyphosis
- develops in womb to accommodate thoracic organs
Name every structure of the brain
1. frontal lobe
2. parietal lobes
3. temporal lobes
4. occipital lobe
5. thalamus
6. hypothalamus
7. medulla oblongata
8. pons
9. midbrain10. lateral, third, fourth ventricles
Explain pulmonary circuit
Deoxygenated blood from tissues enters right atrium through vena cava (superior or inferior), enters right ventricle through right atrioventricular (tricuspid) valve, enters pulmonary trunk and goes to either L or R pulmonary artery to lungs where O2 attaches to hemoglobin in red blood cells, now oxygented blood leaves lungs and goes back to the heart via pulmonary veins into the left atrium and so on (systemic loop)
Structure, location and functions of smooth muscle tissue
structure: non-striated, single central nucleus, short cells
location: walls of hollow organs- digestive, reproductive, urinary, respiratory, blood vessels
functions: move food, urine, reproductive tract secretions & controls diameter of respiratory passageways and blood vessels
Name the components of ALL synovial joints, then name accessory structures of SOME synovial joints
ALL
- Articular/Joint capsule: fibrous tissue that holds the joint together
- Articular cartilage: covers bony surfaces and prevents them from touching
- Synovial membrane: attaches to joint capsule and produces synovial fluid to reduce friction
- Synovial fluid: contains slippery protein-sugar complexes for lubrication, nutrient distribution, and shock absorbtion
ACCESSORY
- Cartilage: cushion joint
- Fat pads: superficial to joint capsule, protects articular cartilage
- Ligaments: strengthens and supports joint
- Tendons: attach to muscles around the joint
- Bursae: pockets of synovial fluid, cushion areas where tendons and ligaments rub
Ribs & sternum
1-7 true ribs
8-12 false ribs
11-12 floating ribs
manubrium contains jugular notch
sternal body connects costal cartilage for rib attachment
xiphoid process
name in order the meninges
dura matter - periosteal layer
dural sinus
dura matter - meningeal layer
subdural space
arachnoid matter
subarachnoid space
pia matter
list and describe the layers and of the pericardium (include any cavities)
Visceral pericardium- inner layer attached directly to the heart
Parietal pericardium- Outer layer that is part of the pericardial sac
Pericardial sac- Fibrous tissue that surrounds and stabilizes the heart
Pericardial cavity- Between parietal and visceral layers and contains pericardial fluid
Structure, location and functions of skeletal muscle tissue
structure: cylindrical, striated, multinucleated
location: everywhere
functions: move or stabilize skeleton, guard entrances and exits of digestive, urinary, and respiratory tracts, generate heat, protect internal organs
3 factors that stabilize joints
1. joint capsule/ligaments - PASSIVE
2. Articular surfaces/joint congruency
3. Muscles that cross the joint - ACTIVE
Functions of axial skeleton
support and protect organs
attaches to muscles of head, neck and trunk
performs respiratory movements
stabilizes parts of appendicular skeleton
Name all the nerve plexuses and the vertebrae associated
Cervical - C1-C4
Brachial - C4-T1
Lumbar - T12-L4
Sacral - L4-S4
list and describe the four components of the respiratory defense system
1. mucous cells and mucous glands produce mucus that covers exposed surfaces
2. Cilia (on epithelial cells) sweep debris trapped in mucus toward the pharynx (mucus escalator)
3. Nose hair in the nasal cavity filters large particles
4. Alveolar macrophages engulf small particles that reach lungs
describe the layers of muscles
epimysium- exterior collagen layer, surrounds the entire muscle, separates the muscle from surrounding tissue, connected to deep fascia
perimysium- surround fascicles (bundles of nerve fibres), contain nerve and blood vessel supply to fascicles
endomysium- surrounds individual muscle fibres, contains capillaries and nerve fibers contacting muscle cell, contains myosatellite cells that repair damage
myofibrils- subdivisions made of bundles of protein filaments (myofilaments)
myofilaments- actin and myosin are responsible for muscle contraction, make up sarcoplasmic reticulum
Name and describe the 3 classifications of joint by planes of dynamic motion with examples
1. monoaxial- single degree of motion, elbow
2. biaxial- only in diarthrotic joints, MCP joints
2. triaxial- only in diarthrotic joints, shoulder
C1 & C2
C1- Atlas
- Articulates with occipital condyles of skull and allows for the “yes”
motion of head; has no body
C2- Axis
- Body of Axis (Dens) protrudes superiorly and allows for “no” motion of
head
name each nerve in each plexus
Cervical - Phrenic
Brachial - Musculotaneus, Auxillary, Radial, Median, Ulnar
Lumbar - Iliohypogastric / Iliolingual, Femoral, Obturator
Sacral - Sup/Inf gluteal, Sciatic, tibial, fibular
components of the upper and lower respiratory system
nose, nasal cavity, sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchus, bronchioles, smallest bronchioles, alveoli
Name the structures of the sarcomere and describe the sliding filament theory
- I-Band, H-Band, A-Band, M-Line, Z-Line, Zone of overlap
- Sliding filament theory: Thin filaments (actin) slide toward the M-Line in between thick filaments (myosin), A-Band stays the same width, Z-Lines move closer together, H-Band and I-Bands get smaller
Name and describe the levers with examples
1st class: fulcrum is between applied force and load, seesaw, neck and head
2nd class: load is between applied force and fulcrum, wheelbarrow, ankle
3rd class: applied force between load and fulcrum, catapult, elbow, most common in body
Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar & Sacral vertebrae #'s
C1-C7
T1-T12
L1-L5
S - 5 fused
Name all the Optic Nerves
Olfactory, Optic, Occulomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibularcochlear, glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Accessory, Hypoglossal
bronchial tree
trachea, cartilage plates, lft primary bronchus, secondary bronchus, tertiary bronchi,
bronchopulmonary segment:
smaller bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchiol, respiratory bronchiole, alveoli