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Define antigen-presenting cells and state their purpose
Group of immune cells that are able to process and present antigen to T cells to initiate the adaptive immune response.
How do B cells contribute to adaptive immunity
Antibodies are proteins produced by B cells that become plasma cells in response to antigens,
What do interferons do?
Interrupt protein production of making of a virus.
Blood
What is the purpose of lymphatic vessels?
Soak up near capillaries fluid and return it back to the cardiovascular system. They carry away from tissues.
What is the name for non encapsulated lymphatic tissue?
MALT (mucosa- associated lymphoid tissue)
What happens when TLR binds to a pathogen?
Inflammation (calls more white blood cells) and Cytokines and chemokines are initiated. These are healing agents, making vessels leakier. ALARM BELL IS TRIGGERED.
List and explain the ways blood helps to maintain homeostasis in the body
Transports gasses nutrients, waste products, processed molecules, regulatory molecules, regulation of Ph and osmosis , maintains body temp
List the components of blood
Plasma is liquid matrix, white blood cells & platelets, red blood cells
Describe the flow of lymph through a lymph node
Take lymphatic vessels and travel into the lymph node where the reticular tissue is holding on to immune cells waiting for things to come by and pass through all immune cells and leave out the efferent exits. Afferent go into lymph node and efferent vessels leave. Lymph nodes germinate because they detect stuff not supposed to be there, and get swollen. Sits in the cortex (white blood cells waiting) and medulla outside.
Know the purpose of these chemical mediators
Responsible for aspects of innate immunity. Natural substances that kill invaders on site.
Histamine(mosquito)redness itchy and swelling, interferons- viral defenses, interferes w viruses, complement(inflammation hole puncher that finds cell that don't belong and punches holes around the cell causing it to bleed out.), and lysozymes.
What are the three actions that can happen to activated complement proteins
Targets foreign invaders.
Activates inflammation to prevent infection.
Removes foreign invaders from your body.
Form membrane attack complex
Opsonization: complement proteins attach to surface of bacterial cells
Attract immune systems to the site of infection chemotaxis and promote inflammation.
What are the functions of blood?
Transport gasses, nutrients, and waste products, processed molecules, and regulatory molecules. Regulation of blood ph to help maintain it at (7.35-7.45). Maintains body temp, protects against foreign substances, clot formation to stop blood cells.
Name the components of blood plasma.
Albumin, globulin, fibrinogen
What are the three molecular motifs the innate immune system looks for?
(PAMP’S)- Pathogen - associated molecular patterns: ex pathogens have cell wall, silica, flagella, (DAMPs) Damage associated molecular patterns: trigger immune system to create more white blood cells), Absence of self marker molecules: if you don’t tell me who you are I am going to kill you.
What words describe a white blood cell’s movement and destruction of infection
Chemotaxins - movements toward chemicals they recognize.
Phagocytosis - cell eating of phagocytes (neutrophils and macrophages)
What is the difference between the 5 classes of antibodies
IgG- Provides immune protection from fetus to newborn responsible to activate and promote phagocytosis.
IgM- Most common antibody that is used in cases where the body is going through a virus. Causes bigger responses.
IgA- Secretion into saliva, tears, and mucous membrane to provide protection on body surfaces. Everything external.
IgE- Allergies : Stimulates inflammatory response
IgD- Converts to IgG . Memory B- cells like to keep a lot of IgD that help recognize antibodies.
How does blood help regulate pH
Blood has buffers such as making sure we are controlling the amount of carbon dioxide is transported.
CO2 and H2O EQUILIBRIUM
List the 3 major plasma proteins and describe their functions
Albumin- viscosity, osmotic pressure, buffer, transports fatty acids, thyroid hormones,
globulin- transports many substances, involved in immunity 3 types - alpha- protect tissue from inflammation damage, transports thyroid hormone, beta- transports iron, lipids, immunity, and gamma- involved in immunity w circulating antibodies
fibrinogen- blood clotting
What are areas of proliferating lymphocytes called?
Germinal Centers
Which cells read molecules off MHC, Understand the difference between MHC 1 vs MHC 2
MHC 1 molecules display endogenous (inside) antigens found in nucleated cells that function as a red flag to prompt immune cells to destroy the displaying cells. Needs to make proteins in order to use this. It shows what you are making. These activate T cells that can destroy infected cells which effectively stop viral replication.
MHC II displays exogenous (outside) antigen received from antigen presenting cells such as B cells, macrophages, monocytes and dendritic cells. Present antigen to B and T cells by MHC II to end up making more of these cells.
True MHC II is found only in APC'S.
What are the types of T cells? Develop in the Thymus. What is their role when actively fighting infection?
Categories: Treg(makes cytokines that suppress TH1, 17, and 2), Thelper(1 - recognizes antigens and releases lymphokines that attract white blood cells. Th17 activated macrophages to become alternatively activated by walling off pathogens and promote healing), Tkiller - destroy body cells that are presenting antigens.
What is the structure of an antibody (draw)
Variable region(part that combines w antigenic determinant of antigen), constant region(responsible for activities of antibodies lole activating complement or attaching to various kinds of White blood cells ), light chain, heavy chain
Describe the origin and productions of each of the blood cells then differentiate between the two
Myeloid becomes into cells such as RBC, basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and platelets vs lymphoid cells develop into lymphocytes
What is the difference in white pulp vs red pulp in the spleen?
White pulp is where the white blood cells are waiting: lymphatic tissue associated w arteries (surrounds arteries and becomes more diffuse one it reaches veins)
Red pulp is associated with veins: macrophages, red blood cells, and enlarged capillaries that connect the veins.
As all the veins are dumping into the capsule all the WBC hanging out they are catching blood that isn't supposed to be there.
Through artery pass through white pulp→ giant reticular network → drain back through the veins → leaves the spleen