Ch. 1
Describe the levels of organization that make up the human body and relate them to each other.
chemical level -> cellular level -> tissue level -> organ level -> organ system level-> organismal level
Contrast atomic number and mass number.
Atomic number- the number of protons in an element
Mass number- Number of protons + the number of neutrons
Define organelle and explain their general purpose in the eukaryotic cell.
The organelles are specialized cellular compartments or structures, each performing its own job to maintain the life in the cell.
Define tissue and the four different types of tissues.
Tissues are groups of cells that are similar in structure and perform common or really dysfunction.
1) Nervous Tissue
2) Muscle Tissue
3) Epithelial Tissue
4) Connective Tissue
According to the principle of complementarity, how does anatomy relate to physiology?
The principle of complementarity of structure and function states that function is dependent on structure and that the form of a structure relates to its function. Structure (Anatomy) and function (physiology).
Demonstrate standard anatomical position.
Positioning of the body when it is standing upright and facing forward with each arm hanging on either side of the body, and the palms facing forward. The legs are parallel, with feet flat on the floor and facing forward.
Define the atom, list the subatomic particles, and describe their charges and positions within the atom.
Atom- A basic building block of matter.
Protons (+), neutrons (0), electrons (-)
Explain the concept of selective permeability.
The membrane allows some substances to pass while excluding others.
What are the two forms of epithelial tissue?
Covering and Lining epithelial
Glandular Epithelial
What are the four major elements of life?
Hydrogen, Carbon, nitrogen, and Oxygen
Define the anatomical planes and sections, and be able to identify them.
Describe the four levels of protein structure and the importance of protein shape/function.
Primary Structure- The order of amino acids
Secondary Structure- H bonding of peptide backbone causes folding and creation of a repeating pattern
Tertiary Structure- 3D folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions.
Quarternary protein structure- When proteins are composed of more than one polypeptide chain..
Compare the cellular extensions cilia, flagella, and microvilli in terms of structure and function.
Cilia- Motile cellular extensions that occur, typically in large numbers, on the exposed surfaces or certain cells.
Flagella- projections formed by centrioles, butter longer than cilia propel the cell itself.
Microvilli- tiny fingerlike extensions of the plasma membrane that project from an exposed cell surface. They increase the plasma membrane surface area tremendously and are most often found on the surface of cells such as intestinal and kidney tubule cells.
Explain the difference between stratified and simple epithelium as well as the three different shapes epithelial can take.
Stratified- More then one layer of epithelial cells
Simple- One layer of epithelial cells
Three Shapes- Cubodial, Columnar, and squamous
The endocytotic process in which a sampling of particulate matter is engulfed and brought into the cell is called...
phagocytosis
Define Homeostasis
Homeostasis is the ability to maintain internal conditions within a narrow set of limits, even in the face of continuous change in the outside world.
Relate monomers and polymers in the context of organic compounds.
A monomer is a basic unit which can come together with other monitors to create polymers. For proteins, the monomers are amino acids, for nucleic acids, monomers are nucleotides, for lipids, the monomers are fatty acids and glycerol, and for carbohydrates, the monomers are monosaccharides.
Define gene and explain the function of genes.
A gene is a segment of a DNA molecule that carries instructions for creating one polypeptide chain.
What are the four main classes of connective tissue?
1) Proper (2 types)
2) Cartilage (3 types)
3) Bone tissue (2 types)
4) Blood
The gland type that secrets products such as milk, saliva, bile or sweat through a duct is.....
an exocrine gland
Contrast the operation of negative and positive feedback systems and provide examples of each.
In positive feedback systems, the effector increases the stimulus which causes more of the effector to be produced. With negative feedback, the effect decreases the stimulus and causes production of the product to be stopped. Blood clotting and childbirth are the main two positive feedback systems in the human body. Negative feedback systems could be thermoregulation, BP regulation, thyroid regulation, etc.
Describe the structures of ions, isotopes, and molecules.
Ions- have different amounts of electrons from the base atom causing a + or - charge.
Isotopes- have a different number of neutrons than base element causing the molecular weight to vary but not charge.
Molecule- two or more atoms connected by chemical bonds.
Contrast the structure and functions of the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum.
Smooth ER- Membranous system of sacs and tubules without ribosomes. Site of lipid and steroid synthesis, lipid metabolism, drug detoxification, and calcium storage.
Rough ER- membranous system enclosing a cavity, cistern, and coiling throughout the cytoplasm. Externally studded with ribosomes. Site of protein synthesis.
What two characteristics do all connective tissue share?
Extracellular matrix- connected tissues consist largely of nonliving extra cellular matrix which separates, often widely the living cells of the tissue. This is why ct can bear weight. withstand great tensions, and endure abuses.
Common Origin- All connective tissues arise from mesenchyme (embryonic tissue)
What is the functions of macrophages?
Macrophages are cells of the immune system that are involved in overall body defenses. They are phagocytes that engulf and destroy bacteria, dead cells, and other debris.