Connective Tissue
What are the two characteristic used to classify epithelial tissue? AND what are the the three shapes?
Number of cell layers and cell shape.
Squamous, cuboidal, columnar
Skeletal muscle (whole bundle) is held together by:
Muscle fascicle is held together by:
Skeletal muscle fiber is held together by:
Epimysium
Perimysium
Endomysium
What type of cartilage is found in intervetrbral dics?
Fibrocartilage
Which spinal root carries motor impulses out from the CNS?
Anterior/ventral root
What are the three types of fibrous joints? And describe there function.
Suture, gomphosis, and syndesmosis.
What are the three protein fiber types in CT proper?
Extra 20 points: If you can describe what they do functionally?
Collagen: strong & flexible/ resistive to tensile stresses
Reticular: flexible/ able to resist multi-directional stresses
Elastic: ability to be deformed but go back to its original shape after being deformed.
What are the four properties of muscle?
1) Excitability- respond to stimulus
2) Contractile - cells can shorten
3) Extensible - cells rebound to former state after deformation
4) Elastic - cells can stretch past resting state length
Describe the differences between:
Long Bones vs Short Bones vs Flat Bones
(sorry irregular/seasmoid :( )
Long Bones: longer than wide.
Contains a diaphysis, metaphyses, epiphyses
Short Bones: as wide as long
Flat Bones: Roughly parallel plates of bone with a marrow space running in between
Sympathetic visceral can only travel through which rami?
Parasympathetic can only travel through which rami?
Somatic can only travel through which rami?
Sympathetic: anterior rami only
Parasympathetic: Sacral spinal nerves
Somatic: Anterior or posterior rami
A PT is examining a fibrocartilaginous structure that improves joint fit, restrains movement, and increases joint surface area. What structure is being described?
A patient damages a fibrocartiaginous structure that normally deepens a joint socket and increases joint surface area. What structure has most likely been damaged?
Articular disc/meniscus
Labrum
What are the differences in primary components/structure between dense and loose connective tissue proper?
Extra 15 points: If you can describe the why behind the unique properties of those components. (Ex: if dense has ____ then it means that it will _____ ).
Dense component = collagen and in parallel fashion
Loose component = More ground substance/ fewer extracellular fibers
Two muscles perform different jobs: Muscle A requires very precise control, while Muscle B produces less precise movements. How would you expect their motor units to differ?
Muscle A would have smaller motor units with fewer muscle fibers controlled by each neuron. Muscle B would have larger motor units with more muscle fibers controlled by each neuron.
Bonesssssss, tell me the
Components:
Functions:
** ADDITIONAL 50 POINTS: if you can tell me the word that describes how compression is resisted by bones.
*Not going to ask location because you better know where your bones are
Components: (the same three components that all of them have pluse) + matrix = 1/3 collagen fibers, calcium phosphate, calcium carbonate (hydroxyapatite)
Functions: Framework/support, protect, calcium & mineral reserve, acts as levers against which muscle act
A sympathetic visceral motor command originates at T1-L2 but must reach a structure outside those spinal levels. What anatomical structure allows the impulse to travel superiorly or inferiorly, and where is it located?
Sympathetic chain; it allows impulses to travel up or down the chain and is located on either side of the vertebral column.
What is the difference between:
Syndemoses:
Synchondrosis:
Symphysis:
Syndemoses: adjacent bones linked by fibrous tissue
Synchondrosis: Initially cartilaginous, then ossifies
Symphysis: Articulation between hyaline-covered bones, all symphyses present in midline
A structure must transmit the pull of a muscle to a bone while resisting force primarily along one direction. Identify the structure AND the primary tissue organization that allows it to perform this function?
Tendon; dense regular connective tissue while collagen arranged in parallel bundles.
A muscle needs to produce movement in multiple directions depending on which fibers are recruited. Based on the architectures from the lecture, which arrangement would best allow this and why?
Convergent; its broad orgin and convergence toward a tendon allows multidirectional pull.
A patient has damage to the cartilage covering the articular surface of a synovial joint. What type of cartilage has been damaged, and what two functions does this cartilage normally provide at the joint?
Hyaline cartilage — at articular surfaces, it:
OUCH, i think there was a change inside my internal organs... Describe the pathway to me IN DETAIL.
Don't worry about ANS and that pathway
Visceral afferent - posterior root - posterior horn - CNS - (becomes a visceral efferent) lateral horn - anterior root - spinal nerve - anterior rami - preganglionic - ganglion - postganglionic - target
Compare the synovial membrane and fibrous membrane of a joint capsule by describing the major role of each.
Synovial membrane: inner layer; highly vascularized and produces synovial fluid.
Fibrous membrane: outer layer; dense supporting connective tissue that encloses the joint.
Connective Tissue Proper Loose has three main types:
Areolar, Adipose and Reticular...
Give me the components/function/ and two location examples for Areolar.
Components: More ground substance + elastic fibers (low)
Function: Bind structure together while allowing movement
Location: Between skin/muscle... Between epidermis and reticular layer of dermis... Organ interiors... Beneath epithelial lining of body tracts
Pennate Muscles:
Give me the structure
Contraction
And Examples
Structure: one or more tendon within bellies/fibers approach tendon obliquely
Contraction: More number of fibers = stronger contractions force but shorter contraction length
Examples: Flexor pollicis longus, rectus femoria, deltoid
There is three types of cartilage: hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic cartilage.
For each one describe:
Location, Components, function
Hyaline:
Location - Articular surfaces of synovial joints, trachea, costal cartilage of ribs
Components- Mostly cartilage
Function- Creates a frictionless environment for movement, increase surface area and acts a shock absorber
Fibrocartilage:
Location- High stress areas; intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, labra
Components- Heavy collagen + low ground fibers
Function- Reduce damage from friction, degeneration and repeated pressure
Elastic Cartilage:
Location- external ear, internal auditory tube, epiglottis, cartilages of the larynx
Components- More elastic fibers and low collagen
Function- Supports areas with high vibrations
In our ANS, we have the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous systems. They can get subdivided into certain ganglions...
Describe the origin and what it innervates for both (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
THEN...
Tell me those specific ganglion subdivisions
Tell me where they target
Sympathetic Ganlia: T1-L2 / innervates = peripheral structures/ viscera
- Both side of the vertebral columns, runs superiorly to inferiorly
- Targets: Body walls, limbs, head/neck, thoracic viscera
Collateral Ganglia: T1-L2 / innervates = peripheral structures/ viscera
- Anterior to the vertebral column and close to the target organs
- Target: Organs of the abdominopelvic cavity
Parasympathetic Chain Ganglion: Cranial Nerves 3,7,9,10 / viscera only
- Closely associated with the target organ
Name the four types of membranes discussed in the PowerPoint, state where each is located, and identify the tissues/components that make up each membrane.