Radiography
What are the 3 most commonly used standard views of the thorax?
Right lateral, left lateral, VD
Name the 4 lobes of the right lung.
Cranial, caudal, middle, accessory
Viruses do not have what 2 things.
Ribosomes and mitochondria
Viral fusion proteins are activated by …
Cell proteases, cell co-receptors, acid
Morphology, genome, proteins, replication strategy, physical properties
In a right lateral projection of the thorax, the crura will be _____ (in relation to each other).
Parallel
How many pleural cavities are there in the thoracic cavity?
2 (separated by the mediastinum)
What are the 4 tropisms of viruses?
They can infect only one kingdom, only one or few animal species, one type of tissues, or one cell type.
An antiviral drug that targets the virus may not work because …
The virus easily mutates to resistance
T/F: Infecting a rat with a canine virus always creates enough of a natural environment to avoid selecting for mutants.
False; sometimes we need to infect dogs with a dog virus to get a completely natural environment.
The dependent crus is the one that lies _____ in relation to the other crus on a lateral radiograph.
Cranial
The foremen ovale shunts blood from the ____ directly to the ______ in order to bypass the ______.
Right atrium; left atrium; left ventricle and lungs
What type of virus is more easily inactivated (2 things)?
Enveloped viruses; viruses with an RNA genome
What determines mutation rate of a virus?
The polymerase type
What is a disadvantage of using eggs for virus amplification?
Most enteric viruses don’t grow in eggs
If I request a left lateral radiograph of the thorax, what recumbency should the dog be in and what side of the thorax am I interested in?
Left lateral recumbency; right side of the thorax
The space in the thoracic cavity defined by the base of the lung and line of pleural reflection.
Costodiaphragmatic recess
RNA polymerases lack ____ so they are more likely to mutate.
Exonuclease
What are retroviruses special? (AKA what can they do that other viruses don’t)
Integrate their DNA into the host DNA
If I am having a hard time growing a virus of interest, I should use what system of amplification despite its difficulty to maintain?
Organ cultures
How can you tell the difference between a DV and VD of the thorax if your radiograph isn’t labeled?
VD: heart is elongated, space between apex of the heart and diaphragm, individual crura and culpa
DV: no space between heart and diaphragm, apex of heart is on the left side of the patient, dome shaped diaphragm
Where does the thoracic duct usually return to the venous system? Be specific.
The left venous angle (or where the left brachiocephalic and jugular veins meet)
Which polymerase inactivator is less toxic to the patient?
Viral kinase
Fusions help a virus enter “stealth mode” by creating what?
Multinucleate syncitia
What helps in virus identification because they differ between viruses?
Inclusion bodies