Housing
What are the arguments for freedom of movement with housing design
Gives the animal control of environment - physical and psychological benefits
Allows fulfillment of behavioural needs - behavioural expression, social interaction
maintains better physical condition
What is an example of an externally motivated behaviour
Gerbils need to dig
if provided with sand substrate or plaster tunnel with nest chambers digging reduced
they need a burrow
What is the difference between malnourished and undernourished
malnourished - insufficient quality lack of nutrients, or incorrectly balanced
undernourished - insufficient quantity
What situations result in chronic hunger
Long term restriction of feed intake
Limit feeding of breeding animals - sows, broiler breeders
Poor pasture range conditions
Subordinate animals, when feed is limited
What is the key reasons for studying groups?
Importance of social behaviour - studying groups reveals how social behaviour impacts survival, repro, and welfare in animals, group life varies, and group formation varies
Natural group patterns - Research on feral and wild species helps understand natural social structures for better management
Predicting group dynamics - knowledge of aggression, cooperation, and dominance aids in reducing injuries and improving productivity
Three housing systems studied - semi-intensive alternative, battery cage, deep litter free run
Wing movements - greatest in deep litter system, never observed in battery cages
Humerus strength - greatest in deep litter, 9% lower in hens from alternative, 45% lower in battery cages
What is an example of an internally motivated behaviour
Calves need to suck
in the absence of dams calves will cross suck
Stimulated by the consumption of milk, if bucket fed there is not stimulation
What are the behavioural changes due to hunger
Increased activity
Increased aggression
Redirected oral behaviours
What are the measures you can use for hunger
Observational measures - feed intake, rate of eating, time spent feeding
Operant measures - willingness to work for food
Why does natural selection operate on genetic differences
For behaviour to evolve
- there must be behavioural variation within the population
- the differences must be heritable - some of the variation must be genetic in origin
- some behavioural variations will confer greater reproductive success
What are some arugements for or against housing design
Cost of system
Cost of conversion
Ease of management
Handling skills
Automation
Hygiene, manure management
Food safety
Animal health
What is an example of an externally and internally motivated behaviour
Chickens need to dustbathe
Dust bathing is common behaviour in poultry - though to improve feather condition, reduce parasites
Internal triggers - it has a circadian rhythm, if restricted it increases, it is performed in the absence of dust
External triggers - Warmer temps, presence of suitable substrate, high light, social facilitation
What situations cause acute hunger or thirst
Feed system breakdown/outage
Transport: feed restriction
Marketing
Management systems: skip a day feeding for broiler breeders
Forced moulting
What are the two types of stereotypies that can be seen in animals in confinement
Oral stereotypies - associated with hunger or feed quality
Movement stereotypies - associated with restrictive housing
How does evolutionary theory explain groups
Groups are facilitated by cooperation - but evolutionary theory is usually described in terms of competition among individuals
What is the difference between external motivation and internal motivation for behaviours
External - motivation to perform the behaviour is controlled by environmental cues, providing the result satisfies/extinguishes the motivation
Internal - motivation is internally controlled, only doing the behaviour will reduce the motivation
What are the 5 freedoms
Freedom from hunger and thirst
Freedom from discomfort
Freedom from pain, injury or disease
Freedom to express normal behaviour
Freedom from fear and distress
How has the selection of high growth in different species affected hunger
Pigs - limited gut storage, bouts of absorption
Ruminants - large storage, continuous absorption
Chickens - moderate storage, continuous absorption
What decreased oral stereotypies
Fibre increased feeding time and reduced oral behaviours/stereotypies in sows
It also reduced - cribbing and wood chewing in horses, feather pecking in poultry, tongue rolling in cattle
What three theories explain cooperation
Kin selection - inclusive fitness theory
Reciprocal altruism - generosity - you scratch my back
Multi level (group) selection - some selection occurs at group level, there is strength in diverstity
What is the hughes and duncan model surrounding stereotypies
Animal is motivated to perform activity X, cannot reach/satisfy consummatory phase
Repeated performance of appetitive behaviour
Loop become separated from consummatory behviour
What are the 5 domains in the 5 domains model
Environment
Nutrition
Behaviour
Health
Good mental state
What are the maximum transport times for different species
Pigs, horses - 28 h
Ruminants - 36 h
poultry - 24 h for water, 28 for feed
Chicks - 72 h
Calves 12 h
What do welfare problems related to malnutrition, undernutrition or water restriction will appear as
Abnormal/disturbed behaviour
Physiological problems
Illness
What is kin selection
Group living is facilitated by cooperation between individuals - individuals can increase their genetic contribution by assisting with success of relatives