Key Terms
What type of Greek government was "the rule by a few"
oligarchy
What was the only region/territory the Persians under Darius I failed to conquer?
Greece
Who was the Peloponnesian War fought between?
After conquering much of Western Asia, where did Alexander and his army finally turn back?
India
Pericles gave his famous "Funeral Oration" in honor of the Greek soldiers who died fighting in what war?
Peloponnesian War
What was the Greek term for a city-state?
polis
What happened after the Battle of Marathon?
Greeks sent Pheidippides to run the 26.2 miles from Marathon to Athens to inform the citizens they had won the battle and not to give up the city of Athens without a fight. When the Persians sailed to Athens, they saw the Athenians armed and ready, so they turned back and did not attack.
How did the Athenians fund the Periclean Building Program?
By using Delian League treasury money without permission
What year did the Hellenistic Age begin? Why does it begin in this specific year?
323 BC with the death of Alexander
Ancient Greeks believed in a polytheistic faith worshipping many gods. After the Trojan War, how did they record myths about their gods and why was this the preferred method?
Oral tradition - by word of mouth through storytellers called bards because the art of writing was lost in Greece for 400 years after the Dorian Invasion
What was a satrap? Which ruler used satraps in his empire?
Provincial governor of the Persian empire under Darius I
Name two ways Darius I united the Persian empire
good administrator (provinces and satraps), tolerated cultural diversity, minted standards coins throughout empire, constructed royal road to improve communication
Describe two differences between the education and raising of children in Athens vs. Sparta.
Sparta: heavy focus on military training, no education or emphasis on the arts, both girls and boys were trained in military strategy, women ran the farms and were tough
Athens: only male children received formal education, education consisted of art/philosophy/rhetoric/logic, until discovery of iron weapons the army was very exclusive and only noble, wealthy citizens fought in the army
How did the Peloponnesian War pave the way for Philip II to conquer Greece?
Greek city-states were all weakened from the war and were too divided and unable to agree on policy/alliance to fight the Macedonians
Describe two major cultural shifts from the Classical period to the Hellenistic period.
idealism --> realism
emotionless sculptures --> emotional sculptures
education shifts more towards knowledge of science, math, and more subjects (less focus on just teaching logic and rhetoric)
Women gain more rights and are able to own property and receive formal education
Greece interacting more with outside civilizations thanks to Koine Greek dialect and cultural blending of Hellenistic Culture achieved by Alexander's empire
What is a direct democracy and what was the first city-state to impose a direct democracy?
a government ruled directly by the citizens rather than representatives
Athens instituted the first direct democracy
Arrange the following battles from earliest to latest:
Marathon, Salamis, and Thermopylae
Marathon (490 BC)
Thermopylae (July 480 BC)
Salamis (September 480 BC)
What was the largest and most important temple constructed as part of the Periclean Building Program and who was it dedicated to?
Parthenon, Athena
What happened to Alexander's empire after he died?
Empire divided into 3 kingdoms with respective rulers:
Antigonus: Macedonia and Greece
Ptolemy: Egypt
Seleucus: Persian Empire (Seleucid Kingdom)
When and why was the Delian League created?
During the Persian Wars to unite the Greeks against the impending threat of the Persians
Who were the helots? Explain where they came from and what happened to them.
Originally the Messenians from Messene- Spartans conquered the Messenians and made them slaves on their own land who owed half their crops to the Spartans- henceforth known as the helots
Cyrus the Great was well known for appreciating the cultures of the cities he conquered. Name one example of Cyrus's actions that display his tolerance of cultural diversity.
-He would worship in the temples of the conquered peoples rather than burning them down
-He allowed the Jews to return home to Jerusalem to rebuild their temple and city after years of being captive in Babylon
Describe in detail one form of creative or artistic expression from the Classical Period
Idealism and emotionless sculptures
Greek dramas: tragedies and comedies
Philosophy of Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle- searching for the truth- question what is accepted without evidence
lyric poetry- poems about desire or emotions accompanied by music played by a lyre
What did Alexander do when he first became king to assert his power?
Put down the Theban rebellion swiftly, killing 6,000 Thebans and selling the survivors into slavery
Why was Ancient Greece ruled by independent city-states instead of a united empire for most of its early history?
Mountainous terrain divided city-states and large collection of islands was too difficult to unite and rule collectively.