Philosophers and Their Contributions
This Greek philosopher, known for his method of questioning, was sentenced to death for corrupting the youth of Athens.
Who is Socrates?
This Athenian leader is often called the "father of democracy" for his reforms around 508 BCE.
Who is Cleisthenes?
The ancient Greeks were pioneers of this athletic competition, which is still held today.
What are the Olympic Games?
This mountain range provided a natural barrier for Rome and separated it from the rest of Europe.
What are the Alps?
This group of 300 men served as the governing body in the Roman Republic.
What is the Senate?
He crossed the Rubicon River, sparking a civil war that led to the end of the Roman Republic.
Who is Julius Caesar?
The Romans developed this legal code, which served as the foundation for future European laws.
What is the Twelve Tables?
This student of Socrates wrote "The Republic" and founded the Academy in Athens.
Who is Plato?
The ruling council of Athens that prepared legislation and was composed of 500 citizens.
What is the Council of 500?
Greek architects developed this style of column, which features simple, rounded capitals.
What is Doric?
This river was essential to Rome’s trade and access to the sea.
What is the Tiber River?
Two of these officials were elected annually to lead the government and the army in the Roman Republic.
Who are the consuls?
This title, meaning "first citizen," was adopted by Octavian, marking the beginning of the Roman Empire.
What is Augustus?
This type of large, dome-covered building was pioneered by Roman architects.
What is a basilica?
This philosopher, a student of Plato, wrote "Politics" and taught Alexander the Great.
Who is Aristotle?
This Greek term refers to the direct participation of citizens in government decision-making.
What is democracy?
This epic poet wrote "The Iliad" and "The Odyssey," two foundational works of Western literature.
Who is Homer?
Rome’s central location on this peninsula helped it expand and unify its territories.
What is the Italian Peninsula?
These wealthy landowners held most of the power in the Roman Republic.
Who are the patricians?
The assassination of this Roman leader in 44 BCE was a key event in the fall of the Republic.
Who is Julius Caesar?
These structures carried water from distant sources to Roman cities.
What are aqueducts?
He is credited with developing the idea of the "Golden Mean," which emphasizes moderation in all things.
Who is Aristotle?
This Athenian leader expanded democracy by paying public officials and introducing the practice of ostracism.
Who is Pericles?
This type of government, meaning "rule by the people," was first implemented by the Greeks in Athens.
What is democracy?
Rome’s fertile plains supported agriculture and allowed the population to grow. These plains are located in this region.
What is Latium?
This political office represented the plebeians and had the power to veto actions by the Senate.
Who are the tribunes?
This alliance between Julius Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus marked a turning point in the power structure of the Republic.
What is the First Triumvirate?
The Romans are famous for constructing this long-lasting and effective type of road.
What are paved roads?
This philosopher is famous for saying, "I think, therefore I am," and is often called the father of modern philosophy.
Who is René Descartes?
The primary legislative body in Athenian democracy consists of all eligible citizens.
What is the Assembly?
Greek contributions in mathematics include the work of this geometer, famous for his elements of geometry.
Who is Euclid?
This term describes Rome’s position at the crossroads of trade routes connecting Europe, Asia, and Africa.
What is the Mediterranean region?
This period of Roman government lasted from 509 BCE to 27 BCE.
The decisive battle at this location in 31 BCE led to Octavian’s victory over Mark Antony and Cleopatra.
This Roman architectural innovation allowed for the construction of large, open spaces in buildings.
What is the arch?