Early Humans
Gradual development of species over time
formation of different jobs in society
specialization
Mesopotamian kings claimed this for authority
divine right to rule
God-king with divine power
"G" in GRAPES and definition
Geography - study of Earth’s physical and cultural features
Location definition
BCE and CE meaning
Before Common Era and Common Era
Modern humans and all extinct ancestors to humans
Hominin
craftsperson that makes goods and tools
artisan
Nickname for Mesopotamia because it was one of the first organized societies
Cradle of Civilization
locations Egypt conquered and demanded tribute from
Nubia and Syria
"R" in GRAPES and definition
Religion - society’s shared beliefs and its related morals and traditions
Place definition
where it is and what it is like there
BC and AD meaning
Before Christ and Anno Domini ("The Year of Our Lord")
Moving from place to place, lifestyle of hunter-gatherers
Nomadic
written language
prisoners of war or fallen into debt
family line of hereditary rule
dynasty
"A" in GRAPES and definition
Achievements - major accomplishments and lasting contributions of a society
Region definition
group of places with similar characteristics
Source that is first-hand or is created at the time period being studied
primary source
field dedicated to uncovering the origins of human physical and behavioral characteristics
Paleoanthropology
Domestication of animals and improved farming tool led to this
food surplus
A city and its surrounding lands governed as an independent state
city-state
writing used for daily life
hieratic
"P" in GRAPES and definition
Politics - government and power structure of a society and who leads it
Human-Environmental Interaction definition
The way natural surroundings influence how people live and how people use and affect their natural surroundings
Field dedicated to uncovering the origins of human physical and behavioral traits
Paleoanthropology
lasting partnerships between couples that benefit the well being of children
Pair-bonding
Strengthened unity and cooperation within a community
Oldest example of literature
Epic of Gilgamesh
Guided the dead through the afterlife
Book of the Dead
"E" in GRAPES and definition
Economics - how a society uses, shares, and exchanges resources
Movement definition
Uncovers and studies physical remains—such as pottery, tools, or ruins—to interpret the past?
archaeologist
Sargon of Akkad (Akkadian Empire)
Largest and foundational social class of Egypt
Farmers/ Laborers
"S" in GRAPES and definition
Social Structure - relationships and interactions between groups of people
Source that is second-hand or evaluates, analyzes, or critiques another source
secondary source