Persian Wars
Who won the war?
The Greek-city states!
Athenian foot soldier.
Hoplite
Celts. Name meaning and origin
Means to strike.
No ethnic identity. Name for the tribes who roamed around in western central Europe between 600-500 BC.
The origin of the Celts was Indo-European, which means they came from the same homeland between the Caspian and the Black seas once occupied by the peoples later known as Hittites, Mycenaeans, and Aryans.
Darius the Great, Xerxes I, Arataxerxes
Who was Kong Fuzi?
Kong Fuzi AKA Confucius. A Chinese philosopher. He knew hundreds of Chinese rituals, rites, ceremonies, poems and songs by heart, and he treasured order and stability.
He drew on the wisdom of the past to show people and rulers of the present how to live dutifully and peacefully.
Battle of Thermopylae
fought between the Persians, who had been given the location of a hidden mountain road around the Thermopylae pass, and three hundred Spartans.
The Delian League
Headed by Athens, last longer than the Hellenic league Become a naval empire.
Not easy to hold together, and as a consequence, Athens was using more and more force against its own allies. Forcing cities to stay in the league turned the coalition from an alliance into something like an empire.
Why did the patricians have so much power?
Though the plebians outnumbered the patricians, the patricians were more powerful because they held a disproportionate amount of land and wealth.
Not only did the patricians own most of the land, they were also the ones who held positions of authority in. Rome; they were the magistrates and priests, landowners and generals.
Leonidas
succeeded Cleomenes as king of Sparta. Leonidas died fighting against the Persians at Thermopylae (300)
His body was beheaded and nailed up on a cross by Xerxes.
The Art of War.
Written by Sun-Tzu. Philosophy was to break the resistance of one’s enemy without fighting, through the art of deception.
Why did the Spartans agree to fight the Persians with the Hellenic League?
The Spartans did not want to fight the Persians, however, if they did not join the Hellenic League in battle, Athens would gain power as head of the League.
The Thirty Years’ Peace
The Thirty Years’ Peace was a treaty made between the Spartans and the Athenians in 446 BC.
The terms of the treaty were that Athens would give up some of the land seized on the Isthmus of Corinth and along the shore of the Peloponnese for an end to fighting, and both cities agreed not to interfere with the other’s allies.
the term for the conquered people of Sparta, those with no power.
Helots
Pericles
A great orator and military leader. He built a new temple to Athena on top of the Acropolis: the Parthenon, and he proposed the building of Athens’s Long Walls
The Chinese states apart of the Five Hegemonies.
Jin, Qi, Chu, Ch’in and Yueh.
Who started the war?
Aristagorus arrived in Athens with a proposal of rebellion at the same time that a message from Artaphranes was received, threatening invasion if the city did not reinstate Hippias.
Athens, indignant at the Persian ultimatum, agree to send twenty ships to help with Aristagorus’s rebellion, then Athens’s ally Eretria sent five, and war with Persia began.
Who were the Thirty?
A group of aristocrats set in place by Lysander to rule Athens, were infamous for the bloodbath which they instituted, putting to death anyone who wanted democracy restored, anyone they feared, and anyone whose possessions they wanted.
The 12 Tables
...wood tablets upon which the first written Roman law was recorded. Because they were lost, what we know of them is assembled from quotes found in various Roman documents.
Sent a tricky message to Xerxes encouraging the Persian leader to attack the Peloponnese,
Themistocles.
After the Persian defeat, Themistocles sent another message to Xerxes, this time telling the king that the Greek fleet intended to sail up to the Hellespont and rip up the Persians’ pontoon bridge, which caused the Persians to retreat from Greece.
343 BC
Marks the year that the Eastern Zhou king formally recognized Duke Hsiao of Ch’in as the Hegemon.
It was the first time in a century that a duke could lay claim to the title, and the first time in history that a Ch’in lord had won it.
In what way did the Persian Wars galvanize Greek culture?
By creating a voluntary alliance between Greek cities, from Sparta all the way over to the Ionian coast, to defeat a common enemy. It was the first joint action taken by the entire Greek world.
BONUS: What was the alliance?
The Spartan term for the people of power, the conquerors.
Citizens
Why is it hard to define the Roman term “plebian?” Who did the term include?
It is hard to define the Roman word “plebian” because it is a negation, meaning “not patrician.”
This included conquered peoples living in Rome, as well as men who traced their ancestry back to the lowly inhabitants of the original city.
List 3 groups that squabbled over Solon’s reforms.
The Men of the Coast wanted to keep Solon’s reform
The Men of the Plain wanted to return all power to the hands of the richest Athenians
Men of the Hills wanted complete democracy, with the poor and landless granted exactly the same privileges as everyone else.
Instituted a set of reforms that turned Ch’in in the most state.
Shang Yang. His reforms included instituting a meritocracy and officially sanctioned private ownership of land.