ECG
See #1
Ventricular tachycardia
See #1
Cardiac oscillations
We use measured PaCO2 to determine respiratory pH. What is the definition of respiratory pH?
What is what the pH would be if all change in pH was due solely to CO2?
Name the MOA of dobutamine
Beta agonist
Name a drug that would be contraindicated in cases of dilated cardiomyopathy
What is anything that causes bradycardia?
See #2
2nd degree type 2 AV block
See #2
Expiratory resistance
Calculate the base excess/deficit:
pH 7.24, PaCO2 84, predicted resp pH 7.18
What is 4 mEq/L base excess?
This is the duration of action of dexmedetomidine
What is around 1 hour?
Which drug would be contraindicated in the case of an intracranial mass because it DIRECTLY increases intracranial pressure?
What is ketamine?
See #3
See #3
Hypocapnia
Interpret:
pH 7.08, PaCO2 82
82-40 = 42 * ½ = 0.21
7.40 – 0.21 = 7.19 predicted respiratory pH
Since the measured pH is lower than the predicted respiratory pH, this is a respiratory acidosis (high CO2) and a metabolic acidosis
What is the MOA of ketamine?
What is a noncompetitive NMDA antagonist?
This drug should not be drawn up the night before and only mixes well with ketamine because of its propylene glycol base
What is diazepam?
See #4
See #4
Hyperventilation
Interpret:
pH 7.21, PaCO2 80
80 – 40 = 50 * ½ = 0.20
7.40 – 0.20 = 7.2 predicted respiratory pH
Since the measured pH is close to the predicted respiratory pH, this is a respiratory acidosis
What is the MOA of lidocaine?
What is sodium channel blocker?
What is the DEA schedule of alfaxalone?
Premature atrial contractions
See #5
Rebreathing CO2
Interpret:
pH 7.45, PaCO2 16
40 – 16 = 24 * 0.1 = 0.24
7.40 + 0.24 = 7.64 predicted respiratory pH
Based on the predicted respiratory pH, this appears to be a respiratory alkalosis with metabolic compensation
This drug is more effective for analgesia in cats than in dogs because cats produce the main active metabolite that is more potent than the drug itself and has a higher affinity for opioid receptors and dogs do not
What is tramadol?
You have a patient with respiratory concerns. Which induction agent(s) may not be the best idea?
What is ketamine?
OR
What is etomidate?