Endocrine
Which hormone is released from the anterior pituitary to stimulate thyroid hormone production?
A. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
B. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
C. Growth hormone (GH)
A. TSH
Which equation best describes the relationship used to calculate mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
A. MAP = Diastolic BP + 1/3 (Systolic BP − Diastolic BP)
B. MAP = (Systolic BP + Diastolic BP) ÷ 2
C. MAP = Systolic BP − Diastolic BP
A. MAP = Diastolic BP + 1/3 (Systolic BP − Diastolic BP)
What is the primary goal of hyperventilation in patients with increased intracranial pressure (ICP)?
Lower PaCO₂ to reduce ICP
What is the primary inspiratory muscle responsible for breathing?
Diaphragm
Which blood vessel provides part of the liver’s dual blood supply?
Portal vein
What cardiovascular abnormality is commonly seen in hypothyroid patients?
A. Tachycardia
B) Bradycardia
C. Hypertension
B. Sinus bradycardia
Which ECG component represents ventricular depolarization?
QRS complex
Which combination of clinical signs is associated with the Cushing reflex?
A. Hypertension, bradycardia, and irregular respirations
B. Hypotension, tachycardia, and tachypnea
C. Hypertension, tachycardia, and regular respirations
A. Hypertension, bradycardia, irregular breathing
How is minute ventilation best defined?
Tidal volume × respiratory rate
Why are patients with hepatobiliary disease at increased risk for prolonged anesthetic effects?
Impaired hepatic drug biotransformation
Hyperthyroidism is most commonly diagnosed in which species?
Cats
Which drug is identified as a positive inotropic agent used to treat decreased contractility?
Dobutamine
Which anesthetic induction agent is considered the standard choice for neurologic patients because it decreases cerebral blood flow and ICP?
Propofol
Which condition is considered a common cause of ventilation–perfusion mismatch and hypoxemia in anesthetized respiratory patients?
Aspiration pneumonia
Which laboratory abnormality is commonly associated with hepatic dysfunction?
A. Glucose
B. Bile Acids
C. Potassium
Increased bile acids
Which endocrine disease is associated with increased risk of pulmonary thromboembolism?
A. Hypothyroidism
B. Diabetes insipidus
C. Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s disease)
C. Hyperadrenocorticism (Cushing’s disease)
Which condition is categorized as a congenital cardiac disease?
Patent Ductus Arteriosus
In patients with myasthenia gravis, extubation should occur only after the patient can?
Maintain adequate respiration and swallow effectively
Why is ketamine often recommended in patients with feline asthma or lower airway disease?
It produces bronchodilation and decreases airway resistance
Why should acepromazine generally be avoided in patients with significant liver disease?
It causes vasodilation and can worsen hypotension
Which two electrolyte abnormalities are most consistent with Addison’s disease?
A. Hyponatremia and hyperkalemia
B. Hypernatremia and hypokalemia
C. Hypernatremia and hypercalcemia
A. Hyponatremia and hyperkalemia
Pulse oximetry (SpO₂) is primarily used to monitor what?
Oxygen saturation
Which dog breed is especially prone to bradycardia during intervertebral disc disease or spinal injury procedures?
Dachshunds
During positive-pressure ventilation (IPPV), why can cardiac output decrease in anesthetized patients?
Increased intrathoracic pressure reduces venous return to the heart
During laparoscopic liver procedures, why can abdominal insufflation compromise hepatic blood flow?
It increases intra-abdominal pressure and compresses abdominal vasculature