Anatomy
Within the pancreas, how are the insulin-secreting cells arranged?
They are clustered into distinctive groups together with glucagon secreting cells
What cells produce somatostatin which inhibits both insulin and glucagon production?
Delta cells
What tissue is highly responsive to physiological concentrations of both glucagon and insulin?
The Liver
Diabetes mellitus in some breeds of dogs has been associated with SNPs in DLAclass II genes, along with other genetic factors
True or False?
True
What is the order of insulin by duration of action from shortest to longest acting?
Regular insulin, NPH insulin, Glargine insulin
You are interested in researching the question of why some breeds of dogs have a greater susceptibility to developing diabetes mellitus than other breeds. What type of study would be most helpful in identifying multiple genetic factors that may be responsible for the breed profile seen in the diabetic dog population?
A. Genome wide association study
B. Pedigree analysis
C. Insulin gene polymorphisms study
D. Selective breeding trial
A. Genome wide association study
Which duct opens at the minor duodenal papilla in the dog?
Name three substances secreted by the exocrine portion of the pancreas
Amylase secreted by the acinar cells
Bicarbonate produced by the centroacinar cells
Lipase secreted by the acinar cells
What source provides ATP for anaerobic muscle activity?
Phosphocreatine
Autoimmune diabetes mellitus can be caused by what type(s) of hypersensitivity reactions?
Types II and IV
binds to alpha and beta cell receptors that are linked by 2 disulfide bones into a complex that is a heterotetrametric membrane causing a conformation change that enables ATP to bind and activate tyrosine kinase
What nutrient has a demonstrated positive effect on glycemic control in diabetic dogs?
Fiber
Which peritoneal fold carries the left lobe of the pancreas in the dog?
the deep leaf of the greater omentum
Under physiological conditions, what will insulin secretion result in?
increased storage of triglycerides in adipose tissue
What is the first response of skeletal muscle when insulin binds to its receptor?
Translocation of GLUT4 channels to cell membrane
What is a frequent effect of exocrine pancreatic insufficiency on the gastrointestinal microbial ecology of dogs?
Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO)
What is the mechanistic class of Maropitant?
Neurokinin (NK1) receptor antagonist antiemetic
What is the safest dietary recommendation for weight loss consisting of reduced body fat and reduced percentage body fat in obese patients?
A. Limit daily caloric intake from digestible carbohydrate while providing all nutrients in adequate levels for the status of the patient.
B. Limit daily caloric intake from digestible fat while providing all nutrients in adequate levels for the status of the patient.
C. Limit daily caloric intake from digestible protein while providing all nutrients in adequate levels for the status of the patient.
D. Limit daily caloric intake of metabolizable energy while providing all nutrients in adequate levels for the status of the patient.
D. Limit daily caloric intake of metabolizable energy while providing all nutrients in adequate levels for the status of the patient.
Which duct- ductal lining epithelium matches correctly?
A. Intercalated - simple squamous
B. Intralobular- simple cuboidal
C. Pancreatic - simple columnar
D. All of the above are correct.
What cells are insulin dependent for transport of glucose into the cell?
Adipocytes
Nitrogenous waste is a byproduct of what process?
Protein/amino acid metabolism
What is the correct name for a malignant epithelial exocrine pancreatic neoplasia?
Adenocarcinoma
What is the mechanism of action for Cerenia?
NK1 receptor antagonist which acts in the CNS by inhibiting substance P, the key neurotransmitter involved in vomiting
Hyperamylasemia is often present in dogs with pancreatitis but is rarely observed in cats
True or False?
True
What arteries supply the duodenum and right lobe of the pancreas?
Cranial and caudal pancreaticoduodenal arteries
What is the combination that results in triglyceride formation in adipose tissue?
Glycerol and free fatty acids
What is the role of bicarbonate?
secreted into the duodenum along with pancreatic secretions in order to make them alkaline in nature
What is the lesion/mechanism affecting the pancreatic beta cells in diabetes mellitus?
Atrophy
How is Maropitant excreted?
primarily by the liver, urinary recover of maropitant and its major metabolite is minimal
Following lipolysis, what is a critical hepatic function regarding the use of glycerol as a substrate?
Glycerol is converted to dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) and can be shuttled into glycolysis