Muscles
Functions of the muscular system (7)
1. Movement
2. Posture
3. Pumping of blood
4. Generation of heat
5. Maintenance of continence
6. control of organs/tissues
7. communication
Name some features/facts about neurons (3)
1. Basic functional unit of the nervous system
2. conduct action potentials
3. cannot reproduce but can regenerate as long as the cell body remains intact
Purpose of Synovial fluid
Function of the Cardiovascular System (3)
1. deliver oxygen, nutrients, hormones to tissues
2. removal of waste products
3. heat dissipation
What is the difference between the autonomic and somatic nervous system?
Autonomic = involuntary functions
Somatic = voluntary functions
Describe aponeurosis
layers of flat, broad tendons that give attachment to muscle fibers
Function of the Cerebrospinal Fluid (3)
1. Nourishes
2. Cools
3. Cushions
From cranial to caudal, name the types of vertebrae
Atlas, Axis, Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Coccygeal
Name the 3 venipuncture sites for cats and dogs. (Hint: 2 are the same)
Dog: jugular, cephalic, lateral saphenous
Cat: jugular, cephalic, femoral
Factors Affecting the Rate of Diffusion (4)
1. Distance involved
2. Properties of the diffusing substance (lipid or non-lipid soluble)
3. Area available for diffusion
4. Concentration gradient
Properties of Muscle (4)
Excitability - capacity of muscle to respond to a stimulus
Contractility - ability of a muscle to shorten and generate pulling force
Extensibility - muscle can be stretched back to its original length
Elasticity - ability of muscle to recoil to original resting length after stretched
Describe a reflex arc.
An animal's involuntary response to environment.
Differentiate between long, short, flat, and irregular bones and give an example of each.
long bones = shaft and 2 ends; femur, humerus, radius
short bones = cube shaped; carpals, tarsals
flat bones = broad surfaces that serve as attachment points for muscles; scapula, skull
irregular bones = provide support/protection; vertebrae, ribs, hyoid
What are Baroreceptors?
Pressure sensitive nerve endings located in the aortic arch and carotid sinus. Send afferent impulses to the vagus nerve to the CNS to create a response. Essential for moment to moment stability of blood pressure
Describe the chemical synapse.
Neurotransmitters are released from the axon of the presynaptic membrane into the synapse where they combine with receptors on the postsynaptic membrane
Name Intramuscular injection sites (groups, not specific muscles)
Quadriceps, Triceps, Epaxial, Hamstring group
Describe the direction of impulses. (Hint: start at the skin)
Receptors in skin --> afferent neuron --> interneuron --> efferent neuron --> effector (muscle)
Functions of the Skeletal System (6)
1. Framework that supports the body
2. Protects the body
3. Aid in movement
4. Hematopoiesis
5. Store/release minerals
6. Energy reserve
Differentiate between right and left sided congestive heart failure.
Right side: congestion in systemic circulation causes ascites/edema
left side: congestion in pulmonary circulation, causes pulmonary edema and lowers cardiac output
Describe the 3 types of Joints and give an example of each
Diarthroses - joints that allow free movement; wrist, neck
Synarthroses - joints that allow no movement; skull sutures
Amphiarthroses - joints that allow slight movement; pelvis symphysis
What must the CNS do to control movement? (3)
1. assess affect of gravity of muscles of body
2. determine initial position of body parts to be moved
3. detect discrepancies between intended movement and the movement that actually occurs
Describe the 4 steps of an action potential.
1. Initiation - stimulus that generates the AP
2. Depolarization - opening of Na channels which allows Na to rush into the cell
3. Repolarization - change of cells back to negative potential
4. Refractory period - period of time when a normal stimulus will not generate a 2nd action potential
Purpose of Bone markings (4) and describe the 2 types of bone markings
1. Join one bone to another
2. Surface attachment for muscles
3. create an opening for passage of blood vessels/nerves
4. used as landmarks
Projections/processes that grow out of bone
Depressions/cavities that indent the bone to allow blood vessels/nerves to pass through
Why is the cardiac action potential longer than nerve/skeletal muscle?
Due to the changes of potassium/sodium permeability and the timing of the opening/closing of their channels and due to the presence of calcium channels in cardiac myocytes
Describe the Phases of Cardiac Action Potentials
Phase 0 - influx of Na (depolarization)
Phase 1 - Na inactivates (slight repolarization)
Phase 2 - some K channels close which lowers K exiting cell, Ca channels open
Phase 3 - cell repolarizes; K channels open and Ca channels close
Phase 4 - resting membrane potential