Muscular System
What are the three types of muscle tissue in animals.
Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac
What is the primary function of the skeletal system?
To provide structure and support to the body.
What is the primary purpose of the respiratory system?
To obtain oxygen and remove carbon dioxide from the body.
What are the main components of the circulatory system?
Heart, arteries, veins, and capillaries.
What is the main function of the nervous system?
To control body movements and processes by sending signals throughout the body.
What is the primary purpose of the excretory system?
To remove waste products from the body.
Describe the role of skeletal muscle in the body.
Skeletal muscle provides movement to the skeleton and is controlled voluntarily.
Name the four types of bones and give an example of each.
Long (femur), short (carpals), flat (skull), irregular (vertebrae).
Describe the pathway of air from the nostrils to the alveoli.
Air enters through the nostrils, travels through the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and finally reaches the alveoli.
Describe the pathway of blood through the heart.
Blood enters through the superior/inferior vena cava, moves to the right atrium, through the tricuspid valve to the right ventricle, then to the lungs for oxygenation, and back to the heart via the left atrium, left ventricle, and out through the aorta.
Name the three main components of the nervous system.
Brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
Name the main components of the excretory system.
Kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.
Explain the process of muscle contraction at the sarcomere level.
During contraction, the distance between the Z lines shortens as thin filaments slide past thick filaments.
What are the components of a joint?
Joints are connections of bones held together by ligaments.
What is the function of the larynx?
The larynx, or voice box, is responsible for sound production.
What is the difference between veins and arteries?
Veins carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart, while arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart.
What is the role of the spinal cord?
The spinal cord is a long bundle of nervous tissue that transmits signals between the brain and the body.
What function do the kidneys serve in the excretory system?
Kidneys filter toxins from the blood and excrete them as urine.
What makes cardiac muscle unique compared to the other muscle types?
Cardiac muscle is involuntary and makes up the heart, allowing it to pump blood continuously.
Describe the difference between flat bones and irregular bones.
Flat bones are thin and protect organs, while irregular bones have unique shapes that provide support and protection.
Compare the nasal cavities of horses and pigs.
Horses have pliable and dilatable nasal cavities, while pigs have rigid ones.
What is the role of capillaries in the circulatory system?
Capillaries are the sites of gas exchange between blood and tissues.
How do nerves function in the nervous system?
Nerves are long fibers that send messages from the body to the brain and vice versa.
Describe the role of the bladder.
The bladder stores urine until it is ready to be excreted.
How does smooth muscle function in the digestive system?
Smooth muscle controls peristalsis, which is the involuntary movement of food through the digestive tract.
What is the purpose of cartilage in the skeletal system?
Cartilage provides flexibility and reduces friction at joints.
What role do alveoli play in the respiratory system?
Alveoli are the sites of gas exchange between air and blood.
Explain the term "closed circuit pathway" in the context of the circulatory system.
It refers to the continuous loop in which blood travels through the heart and vessels repeatedly.
Describe how the brain serves as the control center of the nervous system.
The brain processes information and coordinates responses, regulating all bodily functions.
What is the pathway of urine from the kidneys to the outside of the body?
Urine travels from the kidneys through the ureters to the bladder, and then exits the body through the urethra.