Cell Specialization
This type of pneumocyte produces surfactant to reduce surface tension in the alveoli.
What is a Type II pneumocyte?
Forced exhalation occurs when these two muscle groups contract.
What are internal intercostal muscles and abdominal muscles?
The exchange of solutes between blood and tissue fluid occurs at these vessels.
What are capillaries?
Phloem transports these compounds from the leaves to other parts of the plant.
What are carbon compounds/sucrose?
This contractile protein forms the thick filament of a sarcomere.
What is myosin?
This type of cell can differentiate into a range of cells types.
What is a pluripotent stem cell?
This term describes the volume of air moved in or out of the lungs in a single breath.
What is tidal volume?
These cells are branched and striated, which allows them contract in a coordinated matter.
What are cardiac muscle cells?
Changes in weather conditions such as temperature, humidity, or wind affect this process in plants.
What is transpiration?
This thin filament slides toward the center of the sarcomere during contraction, interacting with myosin heads to shorten the muscle fiber.
What is actin?
These types of cells are adapted for diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs.
What are Type I pneumocytes?
During inspiration, the thoracic pressure does this relative to atmospheric pressure to allow air in.
What is decrease?
This structure initiates the cardiac cycle through an electrical signal that causes atrial contraction.
What is the sinoatrial (SA) node?
As transpiration occurs, this happens to the pressure inside the xylem.
What is decreases?
Calcium ions bind to this protein to uncover binding sites on actin and trigger muscle contraction.
What is troponin?
These junctions between cardiac muscle cells allow rapid transmission of electrical impulses between cells, ensuring coordinated contraction.
What are intercalated discs?
This chamber of the heart receives oxygenated blood from the lungs before passing it to its ventricle.
What is the left atrium?
During ventricular diastole, this type of valve closes to prevent backflow from the arteries into the ventricles.
What is a semilunar valve?
These cells support sieve tube elements by controlling loading and unloading of sugars and maintaining metabolic functions.
What are companion cells?
These two groups of muscles work in opposition, so that when one contracts the other relaxes, allowing movement of a joint.
What are flexors and extensors?
Explain the function of Type II pneumocytes and predict what would happen if they were damaged.
Type II cells reduce surface tension by releasing surfactant; if Type II cells are damaged, alveoli collapse and gas exchange decreases.
If tidal volume is 0.6 L and ventilation rate is 20 breaths/min, this is the total volume of air inhaled in one minute.
What is 12L?
If the atrioventricular valves fail to close properly, predict the effect on blood flow through the heart and explain why this reduces cardiac efficiency.
What is blood flows backward into the atria during ventricular contraction, reducing the efficiency of blood ejection into arteries?
If a plant’s phloem is damaged, predict the effect on growth in roots and developing fruits and explain why.
- Sugars and organic compounds cannot move from sources to sinks
- Reducing root growth and fruit development because energy and building blocks are unavailable
State where calcium ions are released in muscle cells, and predict the effect of a drug that blocks this release.
What is the sarcoplasmic reticulum; if calcium release is blocked, muscle contraction cannot occur