Foundations (基礎)
What is behavior (行為)?
Behavior is any action an animal performs in reponse to a trigger.
Pavlov’s dogs are an example of which type of conditioning?
Classical conditioning (古典制約).
What is natural selection (自然選擇)?
Traits that improve survival/reproduction spread through environment.
What does allopatric speciation (異域物種形成) mean?
Speciation caused by geographic isolation.
Who is Jane Goodall and what did she study?
She observed chimpanzees in the wild.
Name one of Tinbergen’s Four Questions (丁伯根的四個問題).
Mechanism, Ontogeny, Function, Phylogeny.
Which learning uses rewards and punishments (獎勵/懲罰)?
Operant conditioning (操作制約).
Which is NOT natural selection: predator avoidance, mating displays, or dog breeding?
Dog breeding (artificial selection).
What does sympatric speciation (同域物種形成) mean?
Speciation without physical separation.
Which method involves comparing behaviors across species?
Comparative approach (比較法).
Which type of behavior is inherited and not learned?
Innate behavior (先天行為).
What is habituation (習慣化)?
Learning to ignore repeated stimuli.
Define artificial selection (人工選擇).
Human-directed breeding of traits.
Give an example of behavioral isolation (行為隔離).
Different mating calls or rituals.
Which method manipulates conditions in experiments?
Experimental approach (實驗法).
Which scientist studied imprinting (銘印) with geese?
Konrad Lorenz.
Which scientist used the 'Skinner Box' (斯金納箱)?
B.F. Skinner.
What did the fox domestication experiment (狐狸馴化實驗) show?
Artificial selection changes behavior over generations
Darwin’s finches (達爾文雀) are an example of which process?
Speciation or "adaptive radiation"
Why is conservation (保育) important for animal behavior studies?
It preserves species and their behaviors.
Give one example of a fixed action pattern (固定行為模式).
Egg rolling in geese. The egg will always roll back into the nest.
Why is play (玩耍) considered an important learned behavior?
It helps practice survival skills.
Explain how behavior can evolve (行為如何演化).
Through genetic variation and selection pressures.
Explain how different frog mating calls can lead to speciation.
Behavioral isolation prevents interbreeding. If the frogs do not understand each other, they will not breed together.
Give one real-life application of studying animal behavior.
Conservation strategies, therapy animals, human psychology