Phylogeny
On a phylogenetic tree, what do we call the part that represents the common ancestor between two groups/a speciation event
Node
A zygote subdivides into smaller cells called ____
blastomeres
What does the the suffix -cyte mean
cell
The germ layer that gives rise to skin and nervous system
Ectoderm
Which is italicized: gene names or protein names?
Gene names are italicized
___ is when a tree has three forks showing unknown evolution
polytomy
What cleavage pattern does cytoplasmic specification give rise to
mosaic
What does the prefix pseudo- mean
false, unreal, not genuine
The germ layer that gives rise to gutlining
endoderm
Is a gene the same as a gene product? Explain.
No. A gene is a segment of DNA (the blueprint), where gene product (the outcome) is the actual functional material such as RNA and protein
A ____ is a similar characteristic that arose in a common ancestor
Homolgy
No, their products are.
What does the prefix gnath- mean
jaw
The germ layer that gives rise to connective tissue, circulatory system, heart, muscles
Mesoderm
Explain induction
morphogen concentrations drop as distance from source cell increases
In phylogenetics, what do we were refer to a group that contains a common ancestor but does not include all descendants
Pararphyletic
Maternal effect gene products guide development by a process called ______
cytoplasmic specification
split, division, cleavage
What does the prefix endo- mean?
Within/inner
What does it mean when you say "hox genes are highly conserved"
The arrangements have remained largely unchanged throughout large periods of evolutionary history
What are four unique characteristics of animals?
1. All develop from a blastula
2. Animal specific cell adhesion molecules (fibronectin and cadherins)
3. Animal specific cell junctions (tight, gap, desmosomes)
4. ECM containing collagen
Cytoplasmic specification has what type of cleavage pattern?
mosaic
What does the prefix chaeto- mean?
hair, bristles
What does the prefix ecto- mean?
outside, external
What is the name of the cell fate of blastomeres thats controlled by an unequal inheritance of morphogens during division of the zygote?
Cytoplasmic Specification