Animal Homeostasis
What is the maintence of internal balance?
Homeostasis - stability of chemical and physical conditions within a system
What are the two systems of a plant?
shoot and root
What are the three primary meristems?
protoderm, ground meristem, procambian
Do plants grow from the top or base? How do they do this?
top - grows through divisions of apical cells (apical meristems)
What is the structure of a simple leaf and a compound leaf?
Simple: One petiole and a blade
Compound: one petiole and a blade divided into leaflets
What is the purpose of the flattening of gills, the branching in capillaries, and the foldings of intestines, the flatness of leaves, and the branching of roots?
To increase surface area
What are finger-like extensions of root epidermal cells that emerge and increase the surface area of the root enromously?
root hairs
What primary tissues does Procambium give rise to?
vascular tissues, such as primary phloem and primary xylem
How is primary growth different from secondary growth?
Bonus: What is secondary growth caused by?
primary = increases length
secondary = increases width
Bonus: lateral meristems
What is sclerenchyma made of?
fibers and sclerids
An snake warms its body by laying on a rock in the sun. This animal is classifided as...
ectothermic
Each stem consists of an alternating series of _____, the points at which leaves are attached, and _____, the stem segments between nodes
nodes, internodes
What tissue system does ground meristem give rise to?
Bonus: What are the names of the three primary tissues?
Bonus:
- parenchymal
- collenchymal
- sclerenchymal
Plants go through_____meaning plant growth is not limited to emnbryonic or juvenile period.
indeterminate growth
What is the difference between apical buds and axillary buds?
apical buds - most of the growth of a young shoot / concentrated near the growing shoot tip
axillary bud - in the upper angle formed by each leaf at every node / can potentially form a lateral branch or in some cases a thorn or flower
Osmoregulators - control internal osmolarity independent of the environment
A plant is really tall and has a large shoot mass. What kind of root will this plant have?
taproot (penetrates the soil deeply and helps prevent the plant from toppling)
What is xylem composed of, and what does it transport?
tracheids and vessel elements; water and dissolved minerals
What are the three zones in roots? What happnes in each zone?
Bonus: In which zone do root hairs form?
Zone of cell division --> new root cells are produced in this region (by mitosis), including cells of the root cap
Zone of elongation --> divided cells elongate, extending the root
Zone of maturation --> cells receive specific tasks as they begin to differentiate
Bonus: Zone of maturation
Name two types of secondary tissues.
Bonus: What lateral meristem do they originate from?
Types: Secondary phloem, secondary xylem, cork
Bonus:
Secondary phloem and xylem comes from vascular cambium
cork comes from cork cambium
The internal concentrations of water and solutes in a marine fish is found to be similar to the concentrations of water and solutes in the environment. What can this fish be classified as?
osmoconformer - to be isotonic with its surroundings
What do plant roots have for protection when growing?
- if you lose the apical meristem = can't grow anymore
What is Phloem composed of, and what does it transport?
sieve-tube elements and companion cells
What gives rise to lateral roots?
What does periderm include?
Cork Cambium + secondary tissyes that arise from it (cork)