Tissues
The four main types of tissues are:
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle and Nervous
What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?
Anatomy is the study of the biological form of an organism while physiology is the study of the biological functions an organism performs.
Define homeostasis
The mechanism through which some organisms maintain a “steady state” or internal balance regardless of the external environment
What is the difference between an essential nutrient and non-essential nutrient?
essential nutrients must be obtained from food/diet. Non-essential nutrients can be created in the body.
What is the name for smooth muscle contractions that push food through the digestive tract?
Peristalsis
Interstitial fluid is...
the liquid content that fills the spaces between cells, allows for the movement of material into/out of cells.
Compare and contrast the relationship between an animal's body mass and surface area.
The larger an organism gets, the less surface area it has compared its mass --> Smaller animals have a closer surface area to volume ratio.
What role does a stimulus play in homeostasis?
A stimulus triggers a response from the regulatory mechanisms
Name the four primary essential nutrients
Essential amino acids, essential fatty acids, vitamins, minerals... (carbohydrates and water okay...)
Name the four stages of food processing, in order
1. ingestion
2. digestion
3. absorption
4. elimination
Smooth muscle tissue is responsible for...
Involuntary body activities.
Compare and contrast a regulator vs a conformer
A regulator maintains a stable internal environment regardless or internal conditions.
A conformer allows its internal condition to vary with external changes
Name 3 internal levels that humans regulate via homeostasis
Body temperature, blood pH, and glucose concentration
What is it called when cows eat mud? What dietary deficiency are they resolving?
Geophagy; malnutrition
What is a cecum? Where is it found in the GI tract? What does it do? Is it bigger in a carnivore or herbivore?
Storage organ for food to help with plant matter fermentation by microorganisms. It connects the small and large intestine. Bigger in herbivore
The role of fibroplasts (found in connective tissue) is...
to secrete the proteins of extracellular fibers
What is the difference between the role of neurons vs glial cells?
Neurons are cells that transmit nerve impulses while glial cells are the cells that nourish, insulate and replenish the neurons.
How does a set point help an organism maintain homeostasis?
Fluctuations above or below the set point trigger a response to help return internal levels to the set point.
Distinguish between undernourishment, malnourishment, and overnourishment
under: diet doesn't provide enough energy.. not eating enough
Mal: long-term absence of one or more essential nutrients
Over: excessive nutrition (overweight)
What is the one nutrient type that goes directly from the intestine to cells, by-passing the liver? What vessel takes this nutrient up?
Fats; lacteal takes it up (type of lymphatic vessel)
To stores fat for insulation and fuel
Contrast loose connective tissue vs fibrous connective tissue.
Loose connective tissue binds epithelia to underlying tissues and holds organs in place.
Fibrous connective tissue is found in tendons, which attach muscles to bones, and ligaments, which connect bones at joints.
A stimulus is detected by a receptor. Changes are interpreted by an integrator that sets the appropriate effector in motion. The effector then returns the body levels to normal.
Name the four of the five food processing strategies and give an example of each
Suspension (whales, flamingo, clam)
Substrate (leaf miner caterpillar, earthworm)
Bulk (snake, humans, alligator)
Fluid (nectar-feeding hummingbirds/bats, mosquitos, aphids)
Deposit (crabs)
1. _____ and _____ are secreted into gastric lumen (stomach)
2. ______ cleaves ______ to produce _____
3. _______ catalyzes conversion of _____ to make more of itself
1. pepsinogen and HCl are secreted into gastric lumen
2. HCl cleaves pepsinogen to produce pepsin
3. Pepsin catalyzes conversion of pepsinogen to make more of itself