Skeletal Muscles
This process, occurring within skeletal muscle fibers during contraction, involves the interaction between actin and myosin filaments, leading to muscle shortening. It includes phases such as attachment, power stroke, detachment, and reactivation. What is the name of this cyclic process?
Cross-bridge cycling
"Fight or flight" response resonates with which part of the nervous system?
Sympathetic nervous system
Relative to neural signals, are hormonal signals faster or slower?
They are relatively slower!
Energy enters an animal's body in what form of energy?
Chemical
Which ion is contained in the sarcoplasmic reticulum?
Ca 2+
Briefly explain difference between visceral and sensory stimuli
Visceral originates from internal environment whereas sensory is external environment.
Which gland is responsible for maintaining glucose homeostasis?
The pancreas
What is the ratio of metabolic rate? (Factor 1/ Factor 2)
Metabolism/Time
Which structure binds to Ca2+ to help initiate cross bridge cycling?
Troponin
The parasympathetic nervous system utilizes which hormone to stimulate digestion?
Acetylcholine
What two chemical signals DO NOT enter the blood stream that release signaling molecules? (extra 100 points if you can describe the difference between the two)
Paracrine and autocrine signals.
- Paracrines influence functions of nearby cells
- Autocrines influence function of secreting cell (self)
Given that metabolic rate is affected by body size, would an elephant or a mouse have a higher weight-specific metabolic rate?
The mouse would have a higher weight-specific metabolic rate.
You are looking at two sarcomeres. Sarcomere A has an H zone of 1 micrometers. Sarcomere B has an H zone of 0.5 micrometers.
Looking at their relative lengths, which one is most likely to be in a relaxed state?
Sarcomere A since it has a longer H zone.
True or False: PNS and SNS can both intervene on the same tissue/organ.
If true, give an example from lecture.
The heart, SNS increases heart rate (norepinephrine) whereas PNS decreases heart rate (acetylcholine).
Which combination would result in a higher blood glucose level?
- glucagon + epinephrine
- glucagon + insulin + epinephrine
- glucagon + epinephrine would result in a higher blood glucose level
Anaerobic catabolism occurs in absence of oxygen. One if its end products can disrupt enzyme activity and metabolism. What is this end product?
Lactic acid
What initiates the detachment of myosin from actin? Be specific, does it use energy to detach?
ATP binding to myosin head (does not use ATP energy until next step).
Which major brain division is primarily responsible for motor control and memory?
Forebrain, BUT do not get this confused with motor coordination which is controlled by the hindbrain!
Thyroid hormones are particularly rich in what specific molecule (hint: halogen)
Thyroid hormones are particularly rich in iodine
In oxidative phosphorylation, ATP is generated by harnessing the energy released from the movement of electrons through the ETC, pumping protons across the outer mitochondrial membrane, thus creating an electro-chemical gradient. How is this gradient utilized to synthesize ATP?
ATP synthase - motor like structure which synthesizes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi).