Cartilage
Types of cartilage
Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage
(Bonus) - give an example of where each of these can be found.
Name the cells found in bone and their functions
Osteocyte - mature cell
Osteoblast - build bone
Osteoclast - break down bone
(Bonus) - Which of these has a unique progenitor cell. Name both progenitor cells.
Are bones considered organs?
Yes. Structural organs.
(Bonus) - What is necessary to classify something as an organ?
Name the bone cell responsible for digesting bone and freeing calcium
Osteoclast
(Bonus) - what is the name of the structure this cell is found inside of? What is the name of the perimeter where bone "digestion" occurs?
Differentiate Tendons and Ligaments
Tendons attache muscle to bone.
Ligaments attach bone to bone
(bonus) - Say this phrase out loud "Liga Liga Bone Bone" What is the difference between a sprain and a strain?
Types of growth based on location
Appositional and interstitial
(bonus) - Name the outer layer of cartilage where you would find Appositional growth, and provide a description of the outer and inner layer.
Name the histological bone types, the name of a functional unit, their location and function
Spongy - Trabeculae is functional name. Metabolic function. Red marrow is blood. Yellow marrow is fat. Found encase by compact bone.
Compact bone - Osteon is functional unit. mechanical function. Provide support/protection, and a lever for muscle use.
(Bonus) - 1. Name the two types of developing bone and explain their fiber orientation. 2. For the fully developed type, explain the 3 different variants and where they are found.
Four components to the skeletal system system
Cartilage
Bone
Ligaments
Tendons
(Bonus) - These are made up by 2 types of connective tissue. Name them.
Name the 3 hormones affecting calcium regulation
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Calcitriol
Calcitonin
(Bonus) - Name the structures and location each of these hormones is secreted from
List the three structural categories for joints
2. Cartilaginous
3. Synovial
(Bonus) - give examples of each
Name cartilage cell types and give their functions
Osteochondral progenitor cells - Develop into cartilage or bone cells
Chondroblasts - secrete matrix
Chondrocytes - mature cell
(Bonus) - What is the name of the fluid-filled structure the chondrocytes are found inside of. Also explain where vascularity is found in cartilage, if any.
How do osteocytes communicate with one another in compact bone
Cytoplasmic processes extend through canaliculus, connecting osteocytes.
(Bonus) what type of junction allows for communication to occur
Where is vascularity found in Cartilage, Spongy and Compact bone
Cartilage - the perichondrium
Spongy - Marrow containing red blood cells are all around the spicules
Compact - Haversian canal and perforating canals house arteries and veins.
(Bonus) - Why does it take so long to heal damage to cartilage found in the inner layer
How does calcitonin function
Inhibits Osteoclast activity and absorption of Ca2+ in intestine.
(bonus) Which cells secrete calcitonin?
List the 3 functional classifications for joints and what they refer to
1. synarthrosis - immobile
2. Amphiarthrosis - slightly mobile
3. Diarthrosis - greatly mobile
(Bonus) - Give examples of each
Types of fibers in cartilage
Cartilage
elastic
(Bonus) - Tell me the composition of these in each cartilage type.
What is intramembranous bone, and how does spongy bone form in this manner?
Dermal - in sheets of connective tissue i.e skull
sesamoid - in tendons due to stress i.e patella
The process -
1. osteoprogenitor cells mature into osteoblasts.
2.These create matrix containing collagen fibers - woven spicules are formed
3. Osteoblasts add to the spicules - they get bigger, turn into lamellar trabeculae network AKA Spongy Bone.
(Bonus) - How is compact bone formed around the trabeculae?
explain the steps in bone repair after a fracture
1. Hematoma formation
2. Callus forms, internal and external components
3. Woven spongy bone forms
4. Compact bone forms around spongy bone. Callus and woven bone are removed, only developed lamellar bone remains.
How is calcitriol "activated" and what is it's function?
Origin: production stimulated by PTH.
Functions: Stimulates RANKL ligand production. Stimulates absorption of Ca2+ in intestines during digestion.
(bonus) - What class of hormone is calcitriol, and what mineral is it derived from?
What structures are found inside of joints that are lacking from "normal" cartilage?
Sensory nerves. Proprioceptors and nociceptors.
(Bonus) Why is the perichondrium missing in joint cartilage? How does the cartilage survive without this?
Break down Proteoglycan Aggregate and tell me the functions of it's components
Hyaluronic acid - slippery, lubricating portion. Attaches to collagen fiber.
Proteoglycan monomer - attracts water for extra cushioning. Attaches to Hyaluronic acid.
(bonus) - break down the proteoglycan monomer and explain it's components
What is Endochondral bone, and how does a whole bone develop in this manner.
Bone pre-formed in cartilage which ossifies
1. Cartilage formed. Has perichondrium.
2. Perichondrium becomes periosteum in diaphysis of cartilage (This is the bone collar). Internal cartilage calcifies
3. Calcified cartilage becomes Primary ossification zone. Vascularity and osteoblasts invade. Spongy and compact bone form in similar manner to intramembranous bone.
Bone development "chases" cartilage formation towards the ends of the bone.
4. Secondary ossification zone forms in epiphysis.
5. All cartilage is now bone, except for articular (joint) cartilage. The epiphyseal plate is now a line.
(Bonus) - Name the zones of the epiphyseal plate, and the mnemonic used to remember it.
What are the components of bone ECM?
Fibers - collagen
Ground substance - Hydroxyapatite
(Bonus) - These are primary substances that bone is composed of. How much weight do each of these substances contribute to overall bone mass?
Explain PTH's main function
1. PTH binds to osteoblast. This triggers release of the RANK Ligand, known as RANKL.
2. RANKL binds to RANK receptor on Osteoclast.
3. Osteoclasts are activated / stimulated to increase digestion of bone.
(Bonus) - What molecule reduces the RANKL's effectiveness and how does this process work?
What are the primary lubricating structures joints are comprised of?
1. Hyaline cartilage - flexible and water filled
2. Synovial fluid - hyaluronic acid slippery lubricant
3. Bursa - hollow pad containing synovial fluid
4. Fat pad - filled with adipose tissue
(bonus) Where would you typically find a Bursa?What is the name for an elongated bursa?